MLA-SDF 2024-25- Basic Infrastructure Development of Manjoor Police Station in Kallara Grama Panchayath Kottayam

Amount

CIVIL WORKS

15.12.1 Dismantling doors, windows and clerestory windows (steel or wood ) shutter including chowkhats, architrave, holdfasts etc. complete and stacking within 50 metres lead:Of area 3 sq. metres and below

15.3 Demolishing R.C.C. work manually / by mechanical means including stacking of steel bars and disposal of unserviceable material with in 50 metres lead as per direction of Engineer -in-Charge.

15.56 Dismantling old plaster or skirting raking out joints and cleaning the surface for plaster including disposal of rubbish to the dumping ground within 50 metres lead.

15.7.4 Demolishing brick work manually / by mechanical means including stacking of serviceable material and disposal of unserviceable material within 50 metres lead as per direction of Engineer-in-Charge.In cement mortar

14.5.1 Renewing glass panes, with putty and nails wherever necessary including racking out the old putty :Float glass panes of thickness 4 mm

50.6.2.3 Solid block masonry using pre cast solid blocks (Factory made) of size 30x20x15cm or nearest available size confirming to IS 2185 part I of 1979 for super structure above floor two level upto floor five level with thickness 15cm in : CM 1:6 ( 1 cement : 6 coarse sand) etc complete

13.1.1 12 mm cement plaster of mix:1:4 ( 1 cement : 4 fine sand)

13.112.1 Finishing walls with Premium Acrylic Smooth exterior paint with Silicone additives of required shadeOld work (Two or more coats applied @ 1.43 ltr/ 10 sqm) over existing cement paint surface

13.48.1 Finishing with Deluxe Multi surface paint system for interiors and exteriors using primer as per manufacturers specifications:Two or more coats applied on walls @ 1.25 ltr/10 sqm over and including one coat of special primer applied @ 0.75 ltr /10 sqm

13.61.1 Painting with synthetic enamel paint of approved brand and manufacture to give an even shade:Two or more coats on new work

13.80 Providing and applying white cement based putty of average thickness 1 mm, of approved brand and manufacturer, over the plastered wall surface to prepare the surface even and smooth complete.

OD30224/2025-2026 Providing and fixing (V board or similar board) plain sheet as false ceiling 60cmx60cm boards, 4mm thick with GI outer frame of grid ceiling section angle and tee sections required size and the grid suspended from the structural soffit using hanging aluminium/MS section each grid junction rawl plugs and necessary strings , (frame work provision for fixing light points should be made as per the direction of Departmental engineers ) etc. including cost and conveyance of all materials and labour charges etc complete.

50.12.4.2 Providing and fixing false ceiling with 7.5 mm thick PVC wooden grains panel board ceiling of approved quality in aluminium frame work with necessary screws etc complete ( aluminium frame work shall be paid separately)

21.1.1.2 Providing and fixing aluminium work for doors, windows, ventilators and partitions with extruded built up standard tubular sections/ appropriate Z sections and other sections of approved make conforming to IS : 733 and IS: 1285, fixing with dash fasteners of required dia and size, including necessary filling up the gaps at junctions, i.e. at top, bottom and sides with required EPDM rubber/ neoprene gasket etc. Aluminium sections shall be smooth, rust free, straight, mitred and jointed mechanically wherever required including cleat angle, Aluminnium snap beading for glazing /paneling, C.P. brass/ stainless steel screws, all complete as per architectural drawings and the directions of Engineer-in-charge.(Glazing, paneling and dash fasteners to be paid for separately): For fixed portionPowder coated aluminium (minimum thickness of powder coating 50 micron)

21.1.2.2 For shutters of doors, windows & ventilators including providing and fixing hinges / pivots and making provision for fixing of fittings wherever required including the cost of EPDM rubber/ neoprene gasket required (Fittings shall be paid for separately)Powder coated aluminium (minimum thickness of powder coating 50 micron)

21.11.1 Providing and fixing stainless steel (SS 304 grade) adjustable friction window stays of approved quality with necessary stainless steel screws etc. to the side hung windows as per direction of Engineer - in-Charge complete.205 x 19 mm

21.13 Providing and fixing 100 mm brass locks ( best make of approved quality ) for aluminium doors including necessary cutting and making good etc. complete

21.18 Providing and fixing 12 mm thick frameless toughened glass door shutter of approved brand and manufacture, including providing and fixing top & bottom pivot & double acting hydraulic floor spring type fixing arrangement and making necessary holes etc. for fixing required door fittings, all complete as per direction of Engineer-in-charge ( Door handle, lock and stopper etc to be paid separately)

21.2.2 Providing and fixing 12 mm thick prelaminated particle board flat pressed three layer or graded wood particle board conforming to IS : 12823 Grade I Type II, in panelling fixed in aluminum doors, windows shutters and partition frames with C.P. brass / stainless steel screws etc. complete as per architectural drawings and directions of Engineer - in- Charge.Pre- laminated particle board with decorative lamination on both sides

21.3.1 Providing and fixing glazing in aluminium door, window, ventilator shutters and partitions etc. with EPDM rubber / neoprene gasket etc. complete as per the architectural drawings and the directions of Engineer - in -Charge. ( Cost of aluminium snap beading shall be paid in basic item):With float glass panes of 4.0 mm thickness

21.3.2 Providing and fixing glazing in aluminium door, window, ventilator shutters and partitions etc. with EPDM rubber / neoprene gasket etc. complete as per the architectural drawings and the directions of Engineer - in -Charge. ( Cost of aluminium snap beading shall be paid in basic item):With float glass panes of 5.50 mm thickness

21.4.2 Providing and fixing double action hydraulic floor spring of approved brand and manufacture conforming to IS: 6315, having brand logo embossed on the body / plate with double spring mechanism and door weight upto 125 kg, for doors including cost of cutting floors, embeding in floors as required and making good the same matching to the existing floor finishing and cover plates with brass pivot and single piece M.S. sheet outer box with slide plate etc. complete as per the direction of Engineer -in- Charge.With brass cover plate minimum 1.25 mm thickness

10.16.1 Steel work in built up tubular (round, square or rectangular hollow tubes etc.) trusses etc., including cutting, hoisting, fixing position and applying a priming coat of approved steel primer, including welding and bolted with special shaped washers etc. complete.Hot finished welded type tubes

10.25.2 Item Shifted to Sub head 14 as item 14.73 Item Shifted to head 14 as item 14.74 Steel work welded in built up sections/framed work, including cutting, hoisting, fixing in position and applying a priming coat of approved steel primer using structural steel etc. as required.In gratings, frames, guard bar, ladder, railings, brackets, gates and similar works

5.3 Reinforced cement concrete work in beams, suspended floors, roofs, having slope up to 15⁰ landings, balconies, shelves, chajjas, lintels, bands, plain window sills, staircases and spiral stair cases up to floor five level excluding the cost of centering, shuttering, finishing and reinforcement, with1:1.5:3 (1 cement : 1.5 coarse sand (Zone III) : 3 graded stone aggregate 20 mm nominal size).

5.9.16.1 Centering and shuttering including strutting, etc. and removal of form for: Edges of slabs and breaks in floors and wallsUnder 20 cm wide

5.9.3 Centering and shuttering including strutting, etc. and removal of form for:Suspended floors, roofs, landings, balconies and access platform

5.9.5 Centering and shuttering including strutting, etc. and removal of form for:Lintels, beams, plinth beams, girders bressumers and cantilevers

OD30225/2025-2026 labour engaged for Carpenter

5.22.6 Steel reinforcement for R.C.C work including straightening, cutting, bending, placing in position and binding all complete upto plinth levelThermo - Mechanically Treated bars of grade Fe-500D or more

OD30223/2025-2026 Labour Engaged for Coolie

OD30226/2025-2026 Site Clearance using JCB

OD30227/2025-2026 Providing and fixing good quality imported Horizontal blinds window curtains 100 mm width of fabric with 100% polyester acrylic acid coating with all connecting powder coated aluminium channels, clamp , hook , toin and iron plate (weight ) for operating etc complete and as per the direction of the engineer in charge , including cost conveyance of all materials and labour charges etc complete.( Zebra Curtain)

12.45.1 Providing and fixing false ceiling at all height including providing and fixing of frame work made of special sections, power pressed from M.S. sheets and galvanized with zinc coating of 120 gms/ sqm (both side inclusive) as per IS : 277 and consisting of angle cleats of size 25 mm wide x 1.6 mm thick with flanges of 27 mm and 37 mm, at 1200 mm centre to centre, one flange fixed to the ceiling with dash fastener 12.5 mm dia x 50 mm long with 6 mm dia bolts, other flange of cleat fixed to the angle hangers of 25x10x0.50 mm of required length with nuts & bolts of required size and other end of angle hanger fixed with intermediate G.I. channels 45x15x0.9 mm running at the spacing of 1200 mm centre to centre, to which the ceiling section 0.5 mm thick bottom wedge of 80 mm with tapered flanges of 26 mm each having lips of 10.5 mm, at 450 mm centre to centre, shall be fixed in a direction perpendicular to G.I. intermediate channel with connecting clips made out of 2.64 mm dia x 230 mm long G.I. wire at every junction, including fixing perimeter channels 0.5 mm thick 27 mm high having flanges of 20 mm and 30 mm long, the perimeter of ceiling fixed to wall/partition with the help of rawl plugs at 450 mm centre, with 25 mm long dry wall screws @ 230 mm interval, including fixing of gypsum board to ceiling section and perimeter channel with the help of dry wall screws of size 3.5x25 mm at 230 mm c/c, including jointing and finishing to a flush finish of tapered and square edges of the board with recommended jointing compound, jointing tapes, finishing with jointing compound in 3 layers covering upto 150 mm on both sides of joint and two coats of primer suitable for board, all as per manufacturer's specification and also including the cost of making openings for light fittings, grills, diffusers, cutouts made with frame of perimeter channels suitably fixed, all complete as per drawings, specification and direction of the Engineer in Charge but excluding the cost of painting with:12.5 mm thick tapered edge gypsum plain board conforming to IS : 2095-Part 1

12.50 Providing and fixing precoated galvanised iron profile sheets (size, shape and pitch of corrugation as approved by Engineer-in-charge) 0.50 mm (+0.05%), total coated thickness with zinc coating 120 grams per sqm as per IS: 277, in 240 mpa steel grade, 5-7 microns epoxy primer on both side of the sheet and polyester top coat 15-18 microns. Sheet should have protective guard film of 25 microns minimum to avoid scratches during transportation and should be supplied in single length upto 12 metre or as desired by Engineer-in-charge. The sheet shall be fixed using self drilling/self tapping screws of size (5.5x55mm) with EPDM seal, complete upto any pitch in horizontal/ vertical or curved surfaces, excluding the cost of purlins, rafters and trusses and including cutting to size and shape wherever required.

12.51.1 Providing and fixing precoated galvanised steel sheet roofing accessories 0.50 mm (+ 0.05%) total coated thickness, zinc coating 120 grams per sqm as per IS:mm(+0.05%) total coated thickness, Zinc coating 120 grams per sqm as per IS: 277, in 240 mpa steel grade, 5-7 microns epoxy primer on both side of the sheet and polyester top coat 15-18 microns using self drilling/self tapping screws complete:Ridges plain (500-600 mm)

11.36 Providing and fixing I st quality ceramic glazed wall tiles conforming to IS : 15622 (thickness to be specified by the manufacturer), of approved make, in all colours, shades except burgundy, bottle green, black of any size as approved by Engineer -in- Charge, in skirting, risers of steps and dados, over 12 mm thick bed of cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement : 3 coarse sand) and jointing with grey cement slurry @ 3.3 kg per sqm, including pointing in white cement mixed with pigment of matching shade complete.

11.38 Providing and laying Ceramic glazed floor tiles of size 300x300 mm (thickness to be specified by the manufacturer), of Ist quality conforming to IS : 15622, of approved make, in all colours, shades, except White, Ivory, Grey, Fume Red Brown, laid on 20 mm thick bed of cement mortar 1:4 ( 1 cement : 4 Coarse sand), including pointing the joints with white cement and matching pigments etc., complete.

11.40 Providing and laying rectified Glazed Ceramic floor tiles of size 300x300 mm or more (thickness to be specified by the manufacturer) of Ist quality conforming to IS: 15622 of approved make in all colours, shades, except white, Ivory, Grey Fume Red Brown, laid on 20 mm thick cement mortar 1:4 (1 Cement : 4 Coarse sand) including pointing the joints with white cement and matching pigments etc., complete.

11.48.2 Grouting the joints of flooring tiles having joints of 3 mm width, using epoxy grout mix 0.70 kg of organic coated filler of desired shade (0.10 kg of hardener and 0.20 kg of resin per kg). including filling /grouting and finishing complete as per direction of Engineer-in-charge.Size of Tile 600x600 mm

16.91.2 Providing and laying factory made chamfered edge Cement Concrete paver blocks in footpath, parks, lawns, drive ways or light traffic parking etc, of required strength, thickness & size/ shape, made by table vibratory method using PU mould, laid in required colour & pattern over 50mm thick compacted bed of sand, compacting and proper embedding/laying of inter locking paver blocks into the sand bedding layer through vibratory compaction by using plate vibrator, filling the joints with sand and cutting of paver blocks as per required size and pattern, finishing and sweeping extra sand. complete all as per direction of Engineer-in-Charge.80 mm thick C.C. paver block of M-30 grade with approved color design and pattern.

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY WORKS

17.1.1 Providing and fixing water closet squatting pan (Indian type W.C. pan) with 100 mm Sand Cast Iron P or S trap, 10 litter low level white P.V.C.flushing cistern, including flush pipe, manually controlled device (handle lever) conforming to IS : 7231, with all fittings and fixtures complete, including cutting and making good the walls and floors wherever require:White Vitreous china Orissa pattern W.C. pan of size 580x440 mm with integral type foot rests

17.10.2.3 Providing and fixing Stainless Steel A ISI 304 (18/8) kitchen sink as per IS 13983 with C.I. brackets and stainless steel plug 40 mm, including painting of fittings and brackets, cutting and making good the walls wherever required: Kitchen sink without drain board470x420 mm bowl depth 178 mm

17.2.1 Providing and fixing white vitreous china pedestal type water closet (European type W.C. pan) with seat and lid, 10 litre low level white P.V.C. flushing cistern, including flush pipe, with manually controlled device (handle lever), conforming to IS : 7231, with all fittings and fixtures complete, including cutting and making good the walls and floors wherever required:W.C. pan with ISI marked white solid plastic seat and lid

17.31 Providing and fixing 600x450 mm beveled edge mirror of superior glass (of approved quality) complete with 6 mm thick hard board ground fixed to wooden cleats with 6947.89 C.P. brass screws and washers complete.

17.7.3 Providing and fixing wash basin with C.I. brackets, 15 mm C.P. brass pillar taps, 32 mm C.P. brass waste of standard pattern, including painting of fittings and brackets, cutting and making good the walls wherever require:White Vitreous China Wash basin size 550x400 mm with a pair of 15 mm C.P. brass pillar taps

50.17.1.1 Supplying and fixing Stainless steel soap dish including cost of materials and labour charges etc complete as per the direction of site Engineer-in-charge.

50.17.1.3 Supplying and fixing CP Towel rod 60cm or nearest available length including cost of materials and labour charges etc complete as per the direction of site Engineer-in- charge.

50.17.1.4 Supplying and fixing CP Health faucet good quality including cost of materials and labour charges etc. complete as per the direction of site engineer-in-charge.

50.18.7.3.2 Providing and fixing PVC pipes, fittings including fixing the pipe with clamps at 1.00 m spacing. This includes jointing of pipes & fittings with one step PVC solvent cement and testing of joints complete as per direction of Engineer-in-Charge 25 mm dia 10Kgf/ cm2- Internal work- Exposed on wall

50.18.7.6.2 Providing and fixing PVC pipes, fittings including fixing the pipe with clamps at 1.00 m spacing . This includes jointing of pipes & fittings with one step PVC solvent cement and testing of joints complete as per direction of Engineer-in-Charge 50 mm dia 6 Kgf/cm2 - Internal work- Exposed on wall

50.18.8.3.2 Providing and fixing PVC pipes, fittings including fixing the pipe with clamps at 1.00 m spacing. This includes jointing of pipes & fittings with one step PVC solvent cement and testing of joints complete as per direction of Engineer-in-Charge. Concealed work, including cutting chases and making good the wall etc. 25 mm pipe 10kgf /cm2

50.18.9.22.1 Providing and fixing PVC moulded fittings/ accessories for Rigid PVC pipes, including jointing with PVC solvent cement - 110 mm dia Elbow

50.18.9.22.2 Providing and fixing PVC moulded fittings / accessories for Rigid PVC pipes, including jointing with PVC solvent cement - 110 mm dia 45 degree Elbow

50.18.9.22.3 Providing and fixing PVC moulded fittings/ accessories for Rigid PVC pipes, including jointing with PVC solvent cement-110 mm dia Door Elbow

50.18.9.22.6 Providing and fixing PVC moulded fittings/accessories for Rigid PVC pipes, including jointing with PVC solvent cement - 110x110x110 mm dia Door tee

50.18.9.22.8 Providing and fixing PVC moulded fittings /accessories for Rigid PVC pipes, including jointing with PVC solvent cement -110 mm dia Vent cowl

50.18.9.3.2 Providing and fixing PVC pipes includes jointing of pipes with one step PVC solvent cement, trenching, refilling & testing of joints complete as per direction of Engineer in Charge. 25 mm dia 10KGF/cm2

50.18.9.7.2 Providing and fixing PVC pipes includings jointing of pipes with one step PVC solvent cement, trenching, refilling & testing of joints complete as per direction of Engineer in Charge.63 mm dia 4 Kgf/cm2

18.51.1 Providing and fixing C.P. brass long body bib cock of approved quality conforming to IS standards and weighing not less than 690 gms.15 mm nominal bore

18.58.2.1 Providing and fixing PTMT grating of approved quality and colour. Rectangular type with openable circular lid150 mm nominal size square 100 mm diameter of the inner hinged round grating

18.62.2 Providing and fixing PTMT Ball cock of approved quality, colour and make complete with Epoxy coated aluminium rod with L.P / H.P.H.D plastic ball.20 mm nominal bore, 120 mm long, weighing not less than 198 gms

18.62.3 Providing and fixing PTMT Ball cock of approved quality, colour and make complete with Epoxy coated aluminium rod with L.P / H.P.H.D plastic ball.25 mm nominal bore, 152 mm long, weighing not less than 440 gms

50.18.9.17.2 Providing and fixing PVC pipes including fixing the pipe with clamps/clips at 1.00 m spacing. This includes jointing of pipes with one step PVC solvent cement and testing of joints complete as per direction of Engineer-in-Charge 63 mm dia 4 Kgf/cm2- External work - exposed on wall

50.18.9.19.2 Providing and fixing PVC pipes including fixing the pipe with clamps/clips at 1.00 m spacing. This includes jointing of pipes with one step PVC solvent cement and testing of joints complete as per direction of Engineer-in-Charge 110 m dia 4 Kgf/cm2 - External work - Exposed on wall

ELECTRICAL WORK

1.10.1 Wiring for light point/ fan point/ exhaust fan point/ call bell point with 1.5 sq.mm FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor single core cable in surface / recessed medium class PVC conduit, with modular switch, modular plate, suitable GI box and earthing the point with 1.5 sq.mm. FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor single core cable etc as required.Group A

1.10.2 Wiring for light point/ fan point/ exhaust fan point/ call bell point with 1.5 sq.mm FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor single core cable in surface / recessed medium class PVC conduit, with modular switch, modular plate, suitable GI box and earthing the point with 1.5 sq.mm. FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor single core cable etc as required.Group B

1.10.3 Wiring for light point/ fan point/ exhaust fan point/ call bell point with 1.5 sq.mm FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor single core cable in surface / recessed medium class PVC conduit, with modular switch, modular plate, suitable GI box and earthing the point with 1.5 sq.mm. FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor single core cable etc as required.Group C

1.15.1 Rewiring for light point/ fan point/ exhaust fan point/ call bell point with 1.5 sq.mm FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor single core cable and 1.5 sq.mm. FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor single core cable as earth wire in existing surface/ recessed steel/PVC conduit including dismantling as required.Group A

1.17.12 Supplying and drawing following sizes of FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor, single core cable in the existing surface / recessed steel/ PVC conduit as required.3 x 2.5 sq. mm

1.17.21 Supplying and drawing following sizes of FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor, single core cable in the existing surface / recessed steel/ PVC conduit as required.3 x 4 sq. mm

1.17.3 Supplying and drawing following sizes of FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor, single core cable in the existing surface / recessed steel/ PVC conduit as required.3 X 1.5 sq.mm

1.21.1 Supplying and fixing of following sizes of medium class PVC conduit along with accessories in surface/ recess including cutting the wall and making good the same in case of recessed conduit as required.20 mm

1.24.1 Supplying and fixing following modular switch/ socket on the existing modular plate & switch box including connections but excluding modular plate etc. as required.5/6 amps switch

1.25 Supplying and fixing two module stepped type electronic fan regulator on the existing modular plate switch box including connections but excluding modular plate etc. as required.

1.27.1 Supplying and fixing following size/ modules, GI box alongwith modular base & cover plate for modular switches in recess etc as required.1 or 2 Module (75mmX75mm)

1.31 Supplying and fixing suitable size GI box with modular plate and cover in front on surface or in recess, including providing and fixing 3 pin 5/6 amps modular socket outlet and 5/6 amps modular switch, connection etc. as required. (For light plugs to be used in non residential buildings).

1.33 Supplying and fixing 3 pin, 5 amp ceiling rose on the existing junction box/ wooden block including connection etc as required.

1.38 Supplying and fixing call bell/ buzzer suitable for single phase, 230 volts, complete as required.

1.53.1 Supplying and drawn of UTP 4 pair CAT 6 LAN cable in the existing surface/recessed steel/PVC conduit as required1 run of Cable

1.55.1 Wiring for group controlled (looped) light point/fan point/exhaust fan point/ call bell point ( without independent switch etc.) with 1.5 sq. mm FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor single core cable in surface/ recessed PVC conduit, and earthing the point with 1.5 sq. mm FRLS PVC insulated copper conductor single core cable etc. as required.Group A

1.56 Supplying and fixing suitable size Gl box with modular plate and cover in front on surface or in recess, including providng and fixing 2 Nos. 3 pin 5/6 A modular socket outlets and 2 Nos. 5/6 A modular switches, connection etc. as required. (For light plugs to be used in non residential buildings).

1.58 Supplying and fixing PVC batten/ angle holder including connection etc. as required.

90.10.3.15 Supply and Fixing the following modular switches & accessories in the existing front plates and giving necessary connections as required (RoHS compliant )32A DP switch with indicator

90.10.3.33 Supply and Fixing the following modular switches & accessories in the existing front plates and giving necessary connections as required (RoHS compliant )25A 3pin Shuttered socket

90.16.1.4 Supply and drawing bare earthing conductors of the following sizes along with wiring/ cables and giving connection as required4.00 mm copper conductor ( 8 SWG)

90.4.1 Supply and installation of suitable size MS rod type fan clamp in the RCC slab as per IS 732 as required.

90.4.5.4 Supply, Installation, testing and commissioning of ceiling fan of following sizes including wiring the down rods of standard length (up to 30 cm) with 1.5 sq. mm FRLS PVC insulated, copper conductor, single core cable etc. as required. 1200mm sweep - ceiling fan complete with service value minimum 4.0(cub meter/minute/Watt), Air delivery minimum 210(cubic meter/minute), Copper winding suitable for 230V/240V single phase AC supply

2.10.1 Supplying and fixing 5 amps to 32 amps rating, 240/415 volts, "C" curve, miniature circuit breaker suitable for inductive load of following poles in the existing MCB DB complete with connections, testing and commissioning etc. as required.Single pole

2.12.1 Supplying and fixing following rating, double pole, 240 volts, isolator in the existing MCB DB complete with connections, testing and commissioning etc. as required.40 amps

2.3.3 Supplying and fixing following way, single pole and neutral, sheet steel, MCB distribution board, 240 V, on surface/ recess, complete with tinned copper bus bar, neutral bus bar, earth bar, din bar, interconnections, powder painted including earthing etc. as required. (But without MCBIRCCB/Isolator12 way, Double door

OD30222/2025-2026 Supply and fixing of 20W 4feet led tube light . wipro or equivalent make giving connections etc complete as required.

Abey Joseph (BID ID -2252663)

Bidder Name

Abey Joseph

Anish Thomas