Purchase, Supply and Installation of Laboratory Equipments for Department of Pharmacy at Shri Govind Guru University, Vinzol, Godhra

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Item No. Equipment Specifications Qty

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Maximum weighing capacity: 100 g. Readability / Sensitivity: 0.01 g (10 mg) – Common for precision balance. Repeatability: ±0.01 g (typical). Linearity: ±0.02 g (typical). Pan Size: 90 mm – 120 mm diameter (stainless

steel). Calibration: Internal or external calibration Calibration weight: 100 g (Class F1/F2 recommended). Display: LCD or LED digital display Backlit screen. Units of Measurement: g (grams)mg (milligrams). Stabilization

Digital balance (sensitivity

1 Time: 2–3 seconds. Tare Function: Full capacity tare . Power Supply: AC adapter (220V / 110V)Optional rechargeable battery; Construction: ABS body or metal housing, Stainless steel weighing pan, Draft shield (for higher

precision models). Operating Conditions: Temperature: 10°C – 30°C and Humidity: < 80% RH (non-condensing)

Optical System: Infinity corrected / Finite (DIN standard). Observation tube inclined at 30°–45°,360° rotatable head; Optical SystemEyepieces (Oculars): WF10× / 18 mm or 20 mm field number, Paired eyepieces with

diopter adjustment,Interpupillary distance: 55–75 mm. Objectives (Anti-fungal coated, DIN standard), 4× (Scanning Objective), 10× (Low Power Objective), 40× (High Power Objective, spring loaded), 100× (Oil Immersion

Objective, spring loaded). Total Magnification: 40× to 1000×(Optional: 1500× with 15× eyepiece).Nosepiece: Quadruple revolving nosepiece, Ball-bearing mounted for smooth rotation. Stage: Double-layer mechanical stage,

Microscopes (Binocular Stage size approx. 120 mm × 125 mm, X–Y movement range: approx. 70 mm × 30 mm, Slide holder with coaxial control knobs.Focusing System: Coaxial coarse and fine focusing knobs, Rack and pinion mechanism, Fine focus

2 least count: 0.002 mm, Adjustable focusing tension. Condenser: Abbe condenser NA 1.25, Iris diaphragm, Filter holder, Rack & pinion adjustable condenser. Illumination System: Built-in LED lamp (3W) or Halogen 6V/20W,

Compound Microscope)

Adjustable light intensity control, Power supply: 220–240V AC, 50 Hz, Optional rechargeable battery backupBody Construction:Heavy-duty die-cast metal body,Anti-rust and chemical-resistant paint finish, Anti-fungal

coated optics. Accessories Included: Immersion oil (for 100× objective), Blue filter, Dust cover, Cleaning cloth, Spare fuse, User manual. Environmental Conditions: Operating temperature: 10°C to 40°C, Relative humidity: ≤

80% (non-condensing)

Type: Bench-top Laboratory Centrifuge, Table-top model, compact design. Maximum Speed: Minimum: 4000 RPM, Maximum: 5000 RPM or higher.Maximum Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF): Minimum: 2000 × g, Typical

range: 2000–3500 × g..Rotor Capacity: Swing-out rotor or fixed angle rotor, Capacity options:8 × 15 ml tubes (minimum), Optional: 12 × 15 ml tubes, Optional adapters for 5 ml and 10 ml tubesSpeed Control: Variable speed

control, Digital or analog speed adjustment. Timer:Built-in timer: 0 to 30 minutes minimum, Digital or mechanical timer, Automatic switch-off after completion. Display: Digital display (preferred) showing, Speed (RPM),

Time (minutes), (Optional: Analog display for basic models). Motor: Maintenance-free brushless motor (preferred), Low noise and vibration operation. Safety Features: Lid safety lock system, Imbalance detection system,

Automatic shut-off when lid opens Overload protection. Construction: Powder-coated mild steel or ABS body, Corrosion-resistant rotor, Anti-vibration rubber feet. Power Supply: 220–240V AC, 50 Hz, Power consumption:

approx. 100–300 W. Noise Level: Less than 65 dB. Operating Conditions: Temperature: 10°C to 40°C, Humidity: ≤ 80% RH.Accessories Included: Rotor (8 × 15 ml capacity minimum), Tube holders/adapters, Power cord,

Type: Digital Rotational Viscometer, Microprocessor controlled, Direct viscosity reading display, Measurement Range: Viscosity range: 1 cP to 2,000,000 cP (depending on model and spindle used), Torque range: 0–100%.

Speed Range: Multiple selectable speeds (minimum 6 speeds), Typical range: 0.3 to 100 RPM, Speed accuracy: ±1%.Accuracy & Repeatability: Viscosity accuracy: ±1% of full scale range, Repeatability: ±0.2%. Display:

Digital LCD display, Simultaneous display of: Viscosity (cP or mPa•s), RPM, % Torque, Spindle number. Spindle Set: Standard spindle set (LV / RV type depending on requirement), Stainless steel spindles, Minimum 4 spindles

included Common Spindle Types: LV (Low Viscosity range), RV (Medium viscosity range), HA / HB (High viscosity range). Temperature Measurement (Optional): PT100 temperature probe, Temperature display range: 0°C

4 Brookfield's viscometer

to 100°C. Stand Assembly: Heavy-duty laboratory stand, Adjustable height, Leveling feet, Bubble level indicator. Power Supply: 220–240V AC, 50 Hz, Power consumption: approx. 20–50 W.Construction: Metal housing,

Corrosion-resistant spindle guard, Stable base support. Operating Conditions: Temperature: 10°C to 40°C, Humidity: ≤ 80% RH.Accessories Included: Standard spindle set, Spindle guard, Stand with clamp, Protective

carrying case, Calibration certificate, User manual

Type: Laboratory Ball Mill, Horizontal cylindrical type, electrically operated. Capacity: Jar capacity: 1 litter to 10 litters (as required), Working capacity: 60–70% of total jar volume.Speed: Rotational speed: 60 to 120 RPM

(adjustable), Speed control: Variable speed drive (VFD) preferred, Speed accuracy: ±5 RPM. Motor: Single-phase or three-phase induction motor, Power rating: 0.25 HP to 1 HP (depending on capacity), Continuous duty

motor. Drum / Jar: Material options: Stainless steel (SS 304/316), Mild steel, Ceramic / Porcelain. Removable jar with secure locking mechanism.Grinding Media: Hardened steel balls, Stainless steel balls, Ceramic balls, Ball

sizes: 5 mm to 25 mm diameter. Construction: Heavy-duty steel frame, Powder-coated finish, Anti-vibration rubber pads, enclosed safety guard over rotating parts.. Control Panel: On/Off switch, Speed regulator (if variable

speed model), Digital timer (0–60 minutes or more), Emergency stop button (preferred). Safety Features: Protective cover, Overload protection, Stable base structure. Power Supply: 220–240V AC, 50 Hz (Single phase),

Optional: 415V AC, 3-phase. Noise Level: Less than 75 dB. Operating Conditions: Ambient temperature: 10°C to 40°C, Humidity: ≤ 80% RH.Applications: Grinding and mixing of minerals, Cement testing, Pharmaceutical

powder mixing, Ceramic material preparation, Research sample preparation.

Type: Electrically operated Sieve Shaker, Table-top model, Suitable for dry sieving (wet sieving optional if required). Capacity: Suitable for 200 mm diameter test sieves (8 inch optional), Can accommodate 6 to 8 sieves plus

lid and receiver, Maximum total sieve stack height: approx. 450 mm. Shaking Mechanism: Combined vertical and circular motion (preferred), Uniform vibration for effective particle separation, Amplitude: 0–3 mm (typical).

Speed: Operating speed: approx. 1400–3000 vibrations per minute, Fixed or variable speed (as required).Timer: Built-in digital or mechanical timer, Timer range: 0–60 minutes minimum, Automatic stop after set time.

Motor: Heavy-duty induction motor, Power rating: approx. 0.25 HP, Continuous duty operation. Construction: Heavy-duty mild steel body, Powder-coated finish, Clamping system for firm sieve holding, Anti-vibration rubber

6 Sieve shaker with sieve set

feet. Power Supply: 220–240V AC, 50 Hz, Single-phaseNoise Level: Less than 75 dB, Sieve Set Specification: Diameter: 200 mm (standard), Optional: 100 mm or 300 mmMaterial: Stainless Steel (SS 304 preferred), Brass

frame (optional), Stainless steel wire mesh. Standard Compliance: Conforming to: IS (Indian Standard), ASTM E11, ISO 3310 Typical Sieve Sizes (Example – Soil/Cement Testing): 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron,

300 micron, 150 micron, 75 micron, Lid and receiver pan included. (Sieve sizes can be customized as per requirement.)Accessories Included: Complete sieve set (as specified), Lid and receiver, Clamping system, User

Material of Construction Product contact parts :( SS 316 / SS 316L (preferred for pharma applications), Non-contact parts: (SS 304 or Mild Steel (MS) with powder coating), Gaskets: Food-grade silicone / PTFE.Surface

Finish: Internal surface: Mirror finish, Ra ≤ 0.8 µm (for pharma grade),External surface: Matt finish / polished. Capacity Options: Model Total Volume Working Volume (60–70%), Lab Model 1 5 Liters 3–3.5 Liters, Lab Model

2 10 Liters 6–7 Liters, Lab Model 3 25 Liters 15–18 Liters, Lab Model 4 50 Liters 30–35 Liters. Working capacity is typically 60–70% of total volume for effective blending.Mechanical Specifications: Type: Double Cone

Blender (Tumbling Type), Drive: Geared motor with reduction gearbox, Motor Power: 0.25 HP – 1 HP (depending on size), Speed: 10–30 RPM (fixed or variable), Speed Control: VFD (optional), Mounting: Rigid frame with

bearing supports Operational Features: Charging Port: Hinged lid with clamp, Discharge: Butterfly valve / Slide valve, Mixing Type: Gentle tumbling, Noise Level: < 75 Db, Direction: Forward / Reverse (optional). Safety &

7 Double cone blender

Compliance: Emergency Stop Button, Safety Guard around rotating assembly, Interlock system (optional), Compliance:(GMP compliant design, CE certified (if required), US FDA compliant material (if specified). Electrical

Specifications: Power Supply: 230V / 50 Hz / Single Phase (Lab model), 415V / 50 Hz / Three Phase (Larger models)Control Panel: Start / Stop push buttons, Timer (0–60 minutes or digital timer), VFD (optional). Optional

Attachments: Intensifier bar (for deagglomeration), Vacuum loading system, Dust extraction system, SS trolley for material handling, PLC-based control system. Applications: Pharmaceutical powder blending, Chemical

powder mixing, Nutraceutical formulation, Food ingredients blending, Research & development trials. Advantages: Uniform mixing, Low power consumption, Gentle blending (no particle size reduction), Easy cleaning,

Compact design for laboratory use.

Agitator Type: Type: Propeller (axial flow), Blade Design: 3-blade or 4-blade marine type Flow Pattern: Axial, Operating Position: Vertical mounting. Shaft: Material: SS 316 / SS 304, Diameter: 8–16 mm (depending on

model), Length: 300–600 mm (customizable), Surface Finish: Mirror polished. Propeller: Material: Stainless Steel 316, Diameter: 50–100 mm, Attachment: Threaded or keyway with locking screw Replaceable type.Motor

Specifications: Motor Type: AC / DC universal motor, Power Rating: 0.25 HP – 1 HP, Speed Range: 300 – 3000 RPM (variable):Speed Control: Digital speed controller with feedback display, Voltage: 220–240V AC, 50/60 Hz,

Propeller type mechanical Protection Class: IP 55 (minimum). Performance Parameters: Mixing Capacity: 1 – 20 litters, Suitable Viscosity: Up to 2,000 cP, Torque Output: As per motor rating, Noise Level: < 70 db.Mounting & Support: Stand Type:

agitator Heavy-duty MS stand with SS clamp, Height Adjustment: Manual rack and pinion or sliding clamp, Base: Powder-coated cast iron for vibration resistance. Control Features: Digital RPM display, Overload protection, Thermal

motor protection, Soft start function, Emergency stop (optional). Safety Features: Motor overload protection, Splash-proof housing, Earthing provision, Safety guard (optional). Applications: Solution preparation, Chemical

blending, Dissolution studies, Suspension preparation, pH adjustment processes, Small-scale pilot studies. Optional Accessories: PTFE-coated shaft, Explosion-proof motor, Timer function, Different impeller types (Rushton

turbine, paddle, anchor), Variable frequency drive (VFD). Compliance (If required): CE Marking, ISO 9001 manufacturing standard, GMP compatible construction (for pharma labs).

Type of Autoclave: Type: Vertical / Horizontal (as required), Operation: Fully Automatic / Semi-Automatic, Loading: Top loading (Vertical) / Front loading (Horizontal), Sterilization Method: Steam under pressure.

Construction Details: Chamber: Material: SS 304 / SS 316, Shape: Cylindrical, Wall Thickness: 3–6 mm (depending on capacity), Surface Finish: Mirror polished (Ra < 0.8 µm) Outer Body: Material: Mild Steel with powder

coating / Stainless Steel Insulation: Glass wool / Mineral wool (minimum 50 mm thickness)Lid / Door: Radial locking system, Silicone / Neoprene gasket, Safety interlock to prevent opening under pressure. Capacity Options:

22 Litters, 35 Litters, 50 Litters, 75 Litters, 100 Litters, Custom sizes available.Operating Parameters: Working Temperature: 121°C to 134°C, Working Pressure: 15–30 psi (1.0–2.1 kg/cm²), Sterilization Cycle Time: 15–60

9 Autoclave minutes (programmable), Heating Method: Electrical immersion heaters, Temperature Accuracy: ±1°C, Pressure Gauge: Analog / Digital. Control System: Microprocessor-based PID controller, Digital temperature display,

Digital pressure display (optional), Programmable sterilization cycles, Timer: 0–99 minutes, Automatic steam exhaust (optional). Safety Features: Pressure safety valve, Vacuum breaker valve, Low water level cut-off, Over-

temperature protection, Over-pressure protection, Door safety interlock, Audible and visual alarms. Utilities Required: Power Supply: 220–240V AC, 50/60 Hz (Single Phase) or 415V AC (Three Phase for large capacity),

Water Supply: Manual / Direct connection, Drain Line: Required. Performance: Suitable for sterilizing: Culture media, Glassware, Surgical instruments, Biohazard waste, Textile materials. Uniform heat distribution, complete

air removal (gravity displacement type). Compliance & Standards (If Required): CE Marking, ISO 9001 Manufacturing, GMP model for pharmaceutical labs, Conformance to pressure vessel standards.

Equipment Overview: A collapsible tube crimping machine is used to securely close and seal content in collapsible tubes (e.g., aluminium, laminated tubes) after filling with ointments, creams, gels, pastes, etc. The machine

ensures a leak-proof finish with consistent fold/crimp quality suitable for laboratory and small-scale production environments. Performance & Output: Crimp type: Double fold (standard) / optional single fold or saddle

fold, Output capacity: ~10–30 tubes/min (manual/pneumatic type), Operator requirement: Single operator, Tube orientation: Manual feed or semi-automatic positioning depending on model, Suitable for small to medium

batch laboratory runs. Tube Compatibility: Tube material: Aluminium, collapsible metal tubes, Tube diameter range: ~10–50 mm (typical), Tube length range: ~70–180 mm (adjustable), Designed to handle various

pharmaceutical tube sizes in lab settings. Technical Specifications: Machine type: Manual or Pneumatic / Semi-automatic: Construction: Body: Mild steel or Stainless Steel (SS) 304 (GMP-compliant), Crimping jaws: SS /

Collapsible tube crimping

10 precision steel with spring action Control & Operation: Manual lever or pneumatic cylinder activation, Sensor start/stop (for pneumatic), Power Supply: 220–440 V AC, 50/60 Hz (model dependent), Air requirement (if

pneumatic): ~6–7 kg/cm² , Safety & Ergonomics: Stable table-top footprint, slip-resistant base. Accessories & Features: Crimping dies/jaws: Adjustable for different tube finishes, Coding/Batch Embossing set: Optional fonts

& embossing arrangement for batch/date coding, Positioning aids: Laser pointers or guide slots (in some models), counters: Digital/Mechanical tube count display (optional), GMP Compliance: Designed to conform to good

manufacturing practices. Typical Use Cases: Closing/sealing aluminium and collapsible pharmaceutical tubes, cosmetic batching (creams, gels, and ointments), Laboratory product sample preparation, Small batch R&D

packaging trials.

Technical Specifications: Performance: pH Measurement Range: 0.00 to 14.00 pH, Resolution: 0.01 pH, Accuracy: ±0.01 pH, TemperatureMeasurement Range: 0–100 °C (for ATC electrode), Temperature Compensation:

Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC), Input Impedance: ≥10¹² Ω. Display & Controls: Display: Large, multi-line LCD / LED, Shows pH value, temperature, and status icons. Keypad: Soft membrane keys for,

Calibration, Mode selection, Hold / auto-hold. User Interface: Clear diagnostics Error alerts. Calibration: Calibration Type: 2-point or 3-point calibration, Calibration Standards: pH 4.00, 7.00, 9.18 (buffer solutions), Automatic

Buffer Recognition: Yes (preferred), Calibration Reminder: User-settable alert. Electrode (Probe): Type: Combined glass pH electrode, Connector: BNC or DIN, Material: Body: Glass or epoxy (user choice), Junction: Single or

double, Sleeve: Porous ceramic Electrode Input: Replaceable, Mounting: Stand & electrode holder included. Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC): Yes External temperature sensor or built-in, Temperature Display:

Yes. Power Supply: Input: 220–240 V AC, 50/60 Hz Environmental / Build: Operating Temperature: 5–40 °C, Humidity: 0–90% RH (non-condensing), Housing: ABS/metal body, Splash Resistant: Yes Outputs &

11 Digital pH meter

Interfaces: Analog or Digital Output: Optional, RS-232 / USB Port: Optional (for data logging), Printer Port: Optional (for external reporting)Accessories (Included): pH electrode (combined) with cable & connector,

Temperature sensor / ATC probe, Electrode stand with clamp, Buffer solutions kit (pH 4, 7, 9.18), Electrode storage solution, Instruction manual / calibration certificate. Optional (Recommended Enhancements):Storage

Media: Internal memory for readings, PC Connectivity: USB/RS-232 for data transfer, Software: Data logging & reporting software, Printer: Compatible thermal/ink printer. Compliance & Quality: Calibration certificate

traceable to national/international standards, CE / ISO 9001 certified instrument, Product warranty & service support. Functional Features (Preferable): Auto-hold / stable-hold feature, Buffer auto-recognition, Electrode

diagnostics, Parameter lock-out for secure settings, Low battery indicator (for portable models). Typical Applications: Pharmaceutical formulation pH monitoring, Water & dissolution media pH checks, Buffer preparation

validation, Quality control & R&D analysis, Chemical reaction monitoring.

Performance & Technical Requirements: Motor & Drive: Type: Heavy-duty universal motor (AC), Power: 0.25–0.5 HP (approx. 200–375 W), Speed Range: Variable, stepless, Minimum: ~500 rpm, Maximum: ~20,000 rpm

Speed Control: Digital/analog variable speed regulator, Fine adjustment for delicate formulations. Construction: Frame: Rigid, powder-coated mild steel or stainless steel, Shaft: Stainless steel (SS 304), Bearings: Anti-friction

sealed bearings, Mounting: Bench-top stand-mounted with locking clamp, Safety: Overload protection, Motor overheat cut-off, Stable anti-skid base. Functional Capabilities: The all-purpose lab unit must be capable of:

Mixing & Blending of liquids and semi-solids, Homogenization of suspensions, Emulsification of creams & lotions, Granulating wet masses, Dispersing powders into liquids, Frothing/Overtaxing (where required), Accessories

(Complete Set): All accessories should be stainless steel (SS 304/316) or chemically resistant. Attachment Heads: 1. Propeller blade – for general mixing, 2. Homogenizer head – for emulsions & fine dispersions, 3. High-shear

blade – for dense pastes, 4. Dispersing head – for powder wetting, 5. Emulsifier disc – for creams & lotions. Beakers / Vessels: SS Beakers: 250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL Glass Beakers: 250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL.Stand & Clamps:

All-purpose equipment with all Vertical stand: Heavy-duty, Adjustable clamp: For holding shaft & attachments, Tool kit: Hex keys, spanners. Additional Accessories: Splash guard / cover, Drip tray, Mixing rod extension set, Rotation direction switch, Digital

accessories display (in advanced models) for speed & timer. Operational Controls: Speed adjustment: Digital or analog, Timer: Up to 60 minutes (digital timer recommended), Display: Digital read-out for speed & timer (if applicable),

Indicators: Power on / run / fault. Power & Electrical: Supply: 220–240 V AC, 50/60 Hz, Fuse protection: Yes, Power switch: Lockable.Safety & Standards: Safety interlocks on attachments, Splash guards to prevent

contamination, Grounded equipment for operator safety, Conforms to lab safety norms (CE / ISO 9001 recommended) Environmental Conditions: Operating temperature: 5–40 °C, Relative humidity: 0–90% RH (non-

condensing). Documentation & Support: User manual (operation & maintenance) Calibration certificate, Warranty: Minimum 1 year, Service support availability with spares. Typical Applications: This all-purpose

equipment is suitable for: Formulation mixing (creams, gels, and ointments), Buffer/diluent preparation, and Suspension & emulsion development, Wet granulation trials, R&D mixing & blending, Lab batch production tasks

Optional Enhancements:( Include if required in procurement) Digital/speed/timer controller module, RPM recorder/output interface (USB/PC), Vacuum mixing capability, Temperature-controlled jacketed beaker set.

Technical Specifications: Heating Performance: Temperature Range: Ambient to 300–350°C, Temperature Control, Thermostatic control (analog) or, Digital PID temperature controller (preferred), Temperature Accuracy:

±5°C (analog) / ±1–2°C (digital), Uniform Heating: Even heat distribution across plate surface, Heating Element:Nichrome coil / embedded resistance heater. Top Plate: Material: Cast iron (with corrosion-resistant coating) OR

Ceramic-coated plate (preferred for chemical resistance) Plate Size: Approx. 20 × 20 cm (minimum) Load Capacity: Minimum 5 kgConstruction: Body: Powder-coated mild steel / Stainless steel, insulation: Heat-resistant

mineral insulation, Feet: Anti-skid rubber feet, Compact bench-top design. Electrical Specifications: Power Supply: 220–240 V AC, 50/60 Hz, Power Consumption: 1000–1500 W, On/Off Switch: Illuminated rocker switch,

Indicators: Power indicator light, Heating indicator light, Over-temperature protection: Recommended. Optional Features (Recommended for Lab Use): Digital temperature display, Magnetic stirrer combination (Hot Plate

with Stirrer), Timer function (0–60 min or more), PID controller for precise temperature control, PT100 temperature sensor.Safety Features: Overheat protection thermostat, Grounded plug for electrical safety, Heat-

resistant outer body, and Spill-resistant design. Environmental Conditions: Operating Temperature: 5–40°C, Humidity: Up to 80–90% RH (non-condensing). Accessories (if combination model): Magnetic stirring bar,

Temperature probe, Instruction manual, Warranty card (Minimum 1 year). Applications: Heating of solutions and reagents, Sample evaporation, Dissolution studies, Media preparation, Chemical reactions requiring

controlled heating.

General Description: A Laboratory Hot Air / Humidity-Controlled Oven is designed for drying, curing, sterilization, and conditioning of laboratory samples under controlled temperature and humidity. It provides uniform air

circulation for reproducible and precise results.Oven Type: Type: Bench-top / Floor-standing, Mode: Hot Air Oven / Humidity-Controlled Oven (optional), Air Circulation: Natural convection / Forced convection (fan-

assisted), Construction: Double-walled insulated chamber Construction Details: Chamber:-Material: SS 304 / SS 316, corrosion-resistant, Interior Surface: Mirror-polished for easy cleaning,Volume: 30–200 litters

(customizable), Shelves: Adjustable SS perforated shelves, 2–5 Nos., Chamber Insulation: Mineral wool / Glass wool. Outer Body:-Material: Mild Steel with powder coating / SS 304, Vibration-resistant base (for floor

models).Door:-Door Type: Single / Double-layered insulated, Door Handle: Heat-resistant ergonomic design, Viewing Window: Tempered glass (optional), DoorSeal: Silicone gasket for airtight closure. Temperature

Specifications: Temperature Range: 50°C – 250°C (hot air mode), Temperature Accuracy: ±1°C, TemperatureUniformity: ±2°C, Heating Method: Electrical heating elements, SS sheath type, Control Mode: Microprocessor-

based PID controller, Display: Digital LED / LCD, Safety: Over-temperature cut-off. Humidity Control (For Humidity-Controlled Model): Humidity Range: 30% – 90% RH, Humidity Accuracy: ±2% RH, HumidificationMethod:

Ultrasonic / Steam / Water Bath-based, Dehumidification: Dry air circulation / Desiccant-assisted, Controller: Integrated PID humidity controller with display. Air Circulation: Forced air circulation with fan (optional),

14 Humidity control / hot air Oven

Stainless steel fan blades for corrosion resistance, Uniform airflow design for temperature and humidity homogeneity. Performance: Drying / sterilization / conditioning of lab samples, Uniform heat and humidity

distribution, Low noise operation (<65 dB), Rapid recovery to set temperature after loading. Control & Safety Features: Digital temperature and humidity display, Timer: 0–99 hours, auto cut-off, Over-temperature

protection / Alarm, Auto cut-off in case of door opening, Electrical safety: Fused, grounded, compliant with CE / IEC standards. Utilities Required: Power Supply: 220–240V, 50/60 Hz, Single Phase (for 30–100 L), Power

Supply: 415V, 50/60 Hz, Three Phase (for 150–200 L), Water Supply: Required for humidity generation (if applicable).Optional Features: RS-232 / USB interface for data logging, Wi-Fi / LAN connectivity for monitoring,

Programmable multi-step heating / humidity cycles, and Automatic water refill for humidification, Alarm indicators for door open / power failure, Multiple shelves with removable trays. Applications: Drying laboratory

glassware and samples, Sterilization of heat-stable materials, Conditioning samples under controlled humidity, Stability studies for pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, Heat treatment, curing, and aging of

materialsCompliance & Standards: CE Certification, ISO 9001 manufacturing standard, GMP compatible construction (for pharmaceutical use), Compliance with IEC 61010 (Safety standard for laboratory equipment).

Stirrer Type: Type: Vertical mechanical stirrer, Operation: Bench-top / Stand-mounted, Stirring Method: Magnetic or mechanical shaft with impeller, Applications: Low to medium viscosity liquids, chemical reactions, sample

preparation, solution mixing. Construction: - Motor & Drive: Motor Type: AC / DC universal motor or induction motor, Power Rating: 50 W – 500 W (depending on model), Speed Range: 50 – 2000 RPM (variable), Speed

Control: Digital / Analog controller with dial or touch interface, Torque: Sufficient for liquids up to 2000 cP, Gearbox: Optional gear reduction for high-torque applications. Stirring Shaft, Material: SS 304 / SS 316, corrosion-

resistant, Diameter: 8–16 mm (depending on model), Length: 200–600 mm (adjustable or customizable), Surface Finish: Mirror polished / chemically resistant coating Impellers: Type: Propeller, Paddle, Flat-blade, or Custom,

Material: Stainless steel or chemically resistant alloy, Diameter: 50–100 mm (adjustable / customizable), Easy to mount and remove.Mounting & Support: Heavy-duty stand with adjustable height, Base: Powder-coated MS

or SS with anti-vibration pads, Clamp: Adjustable clamp to hold shaft securely, Suitable for flasks, beakers, and small reactors. Control System: Speed Regulation: Variable via knob / digital PID controller, Display: RPM display

Mechanical stirrer with speed

15 (digital optional), Timer Function: Optional, 0–99 minutes, Overload Protection: Automatic motor cut-off in case of excessive load, Soft-start function (optional). Safety Features: Motor overload protection, Splash-proof

motor housing, Emergency stop switch (optional), Secure clamping mechanism for shaft and impeller Utilities: Power Supply: 220–240V AC, 50/60 Hz, single phase, Optional: 110V or 415V three-phase for high-power models

Performance: Homogeneous mixing of liquids, Capable of handling low to medium viscosity (up to 2000 cP), Adjustable stirring speed for gentle to vigorous mixing, Low noise operation (<65 dB).Optional Accessories:

Additional impeller types (propeller, paddle, anchor, turbine), Torque monitoring module, Temperature probe for simultaneous heating/stirring, Foot switch for start/stop, Stand with height scale for precise immersion

depth, Explosion-proof or chemical-resistant models. Applications: Solution preparation and mixing, chemical reactions in beakers and flasks, Pharmaceutical formulation studies, Sample homogenization for testing, Low- to

medium-viscosity fluid processing. Compliance & Standards: CE certification (if exported), ISO 9001 manufacturing standard, GMP-compliant construction for pharmaceutical labs, IEC 61010 standard for laboratory

equipment safety.

General Description: A Laboratory Distillation Unit is designed for the separation, purification, and recovery of liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It is used in laboratories for chemical synthesis, solvent

recovery, and analytical studies. Unit Type: Type: Simple distillation / Fractional distillation / Short-path distillation (specify based on requirement), Operation: Bench-top / Floor-standing, Heating Method: Electrical heating

mantle / Oil bath / Steam jacket, Cooling Method: Water-cooled or refrigerated condenser. Construction: Boiler / Flask Material: Borosilicate glass (Borosil) 3.3 or 5.3, Volume: 500 mL – 5 L (customizable), Heating Jacket:

Optional for uniform heating, Markings: Graduated scale for volume monitoring. Condenser:Type: Liebig / Graham / Coil / Allihn, Material: Borosilicate glass with standard ground joints, Cooling Medium: Water or coolant

circulation, Connections: Inlet & outlet with hose connectors. Distillation Column (for Fractional Distillation): Type: Packed or Vigreux column, Material: Borosilicate glass, Height: 300–600 mm, packing: Glass beads / Raschig

rings (optional). Receiving Flask: Material: Borosilicate glass, Capacity: 250 mL – 2 L, Connection: Standard ground joint to condenser. Heating & Temperature Control: Heating Source: Electric heating mantle or oil bath,

Power Rating: 500 W – 2 kW (depending on flask size), Temperature Range: Room temperature to 300°C (depending on model), Temperature Control: Digital PID controller, Accuracy: ±1°C. Vacuum & Pressure (Optional):

Vacuum Distillation: Integrated vacuum port with vacuum gauge, Maximum Vacuum: Up to 30 mbar, Safety: Vacuum relief and pressure release valve, Optional rotary vacuum pump connection Cooling & Condensation:

16 Distillation Unit

Water Supply: 1–3 L/min flow for condenser, Optional: Chiller connection for low-temperature distillation, Material: SS or corrosion-resistant tubing for water connections. Stand & Support: Support Stand: MS / SS vertical

rod with adjustable clamps, Base: Anti-vibration and corrosion-resistant, Clamp Types: Keck clamps or ball-and-socket for glassware stability. Safety Features: Over-temperature protection on heating mantle, Thermal

insulation where applicable, Secure clamping for glassware to prevent tipping, Fume hood compatibility, Grounded electrical supply. Utilities Required: Power Supply: 220–240V AC, 50/60 Hz, single phase, Water Supply:

Cooling water for condenser, Optional: Compressed air or vacuum pump for reduced pressure operation. Performance: Efficient separation of liquid mixtures, Recovery rate: 80–95% (depending on mixture), Compatible

with organic solvents and acids (glassware resistant), Suitable for both batch and continuous small-scale laboratory distillation. Optional Accessories: Digital thermometer / thermocouple with display, Fraction collector,

Rotary vacuum pump (for vacuum distillation), Additional glassware sets for multi-stage distillation, Magnetic stirrer or mechanical stirrer integration, Chiller / recirculating water bath for low-temperature condensation.

Compliance & Standards: CE Certification (if exported), ISO 9001 manufacturing standard, GMP-compliant construction for pharmaceutical labs, IEC 61010 standard for laboratory electrical safety.

Mould Type: Type: Single cavity / Multi-cavity (2–12 cavities), Orientation: Rectal / Vaginal / Urethral (as per application), Use: Manual or automated filling, Removable cavity trays for easy demoulding Material: Aluminium

alloy (anodized, food-grade), Stainless Steel 304 / 316 (for corrosive bases), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating for non-stick surface (optional), chemically inert and compatible with both hydrophilic and lipophilic bases.

Dimensions: Cavity Volume: 1 g – 5 g (adjustable per mould), Cavity Shape: Standard torpedo / bullet-shaped / custom designs, Overall Mould Size: Compact bench-top design for lab use. Construction Features: Smooth

internal surface for easy demoulding, Heat-resistant (for melting bases during casting), Stackable design for space-saving storage, Locking mechanism to hold top and bottom plates securely, Transparent lid (optional) for

visual monitoring during cooling. Temperature & Heat Resistance: Maximum Operating Temperature: 90°C – 100°C (for cocoa butter or PEG bases), compatible with water bath or hot plate filling, Rapid cooling

compatibility: Can be placed in ice bath without deformation. Capacity: Single mould: 1–12 suppositories per batch, Adjustable for multiple batch production in lab-scale trials. Performance: Uniform weight and size of each

17 Suppository moulds

suppository, Smooth surface finish, Easy demoulding and cleaning, Compatible with different bases (cocoa butter, PEG, glycerinated gelatin), Maintains structural integrity during cooling and handling. Optional Accessories:

Mould heating block for pre-warming, Silicone mats for easy handling of moulds, Custom engraved moulds for product branding or identification, Demoulding tools for sticky or soft bases, Mould cooling tray / rack.

Compliance & Standards: Food-grade / pharmaceutical-grade material, CE certification (if applicable), ISO 9001 manufacturing standard, GMP-compliant construction for lab and small-scale production, Non-toxic and easy

to sterilize. Applications: Rectal, vaginal, and urethral suppository formulation, Laboratory-scale trials and development, Quality control testing for uniformity, weight, and drug content, Small-batch pilot production in R&D

Material • High-quality porcelain (glazed inside and outside) or polypropylene (PP), Chemical resistant to acids, alkalis, and solvents, Porcelain should be acid and alkali resistant. Size / Diameter/Common laboratory

sizes:70 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm, 125 mm, 150 mm. (The diameter refers to the top internal diameter of the funnel.)Funnel Design: Cylindrical funnel body, Flat perforated filtration plate at the bottom, Plate permanently fixed

to funnel body, Designed for vacuum filtration, Perforated Plate: Plate with uniform small holes, Hole diameter: 1–2 mm, Supports circular filter paper, Smooth surface to prevent tearing of filter paper, Stem: Short

Buchner Funnels (Small,

18 cylindrical stem, Compatible with rubber stopper and vacuum filtration flask, Good sealing for vacuum filtration, Surface Finish: Smooth glazed finish, Free from cracks, bubbles, or manufacturing defects, Easy to clean, 15 each

Temperature Resistance (Porcelain): Withstands high temperatures up to 1000°C, Suitable for hot filtration, Application: Vacuum filtration, Crystallization, Separation of precipitates, Chemical and pharmaceutical

laboratories, Accessories Required: Filter paper (matching funnel diameter), Büchner flask / vacuum flask, Rubber stopper, Vacuum pump or water aspirator

Components: Filter Funnel: Material: Borosilicate glass (e.g., Pyrex) or chemically resistant plastic (e.g., polypropylene), Shape: Conical (for gravity filtration) or cylindrical (for vacuum filtration), Size: 40–150 mm diameter,

depending on application, Stem: Smooth bore, standard taper (e.g., 24/40, 29/42) for vacuum connection if needed.Filter Paper: Material: Cellulose, glass fiber, or PTFE (for chemical resistance), Pore Size: 0.2 µm – 20 µm

depending on particle size, Shape: Circular or folded cone, matching funnel size, Buchner Funnel (for vacuum filtration): Material: Porcelain, glass, or plastic, Perforated Plate: Uniform holes to support filter paper, Stem: Fits

standard vacuum flask connection. Vacuum Flask / Filter Flask: Material: Thick-walled borosilicate glass or reinforced plastic, Capacity: 100 mL – 2000 mL, Side Arm: Barbed or tapered for vacuum hose connection.Clamp

19 Filtration assembly and Support: Retort Stand / Ring Stand, Clamp: Adjustable lab clamp to secure funnel above flask. Vacuum Source (optional): Water aspirator or vacuum pump compatible with side-arm flask. Performance Specifications:

Chemical Compatibility: All components must resist common acids, bases, and organic solvents. Temperature Resistance: Borosilicate glass components typically withstand 250–300°C. Filtration Efficiency: Dependent on

filter paper pore size and assembly integrity. Vacuum Capability: For vacuum filtration, the system must maintain a stable negative pressure without leaks. Safety Considerations: Flask must be thick-walled or reinforced for

vacuum use. Use protective gloves and eye protection. Ensure clamps and supports are stable to prevent tipping. Optional Accessories: Porcelain fritted disks for microfiltration, Silicone or rubber adapters for connecting

funnel to flask, Collection beakers for gravity filtration.

Machine Type: Laboratory-scale collapsible tube crimping machine, Semi-automatic or manual operation, Suitable for aluminium, laminate, or plastic tubes. Tube Specifications: Tube diameter: 10–50 mm (adjustable), Tube

length: 50–200 mm (depending on crimping head), Material compatibility: Aluminium, laminate, plastic, Tube neck size: Standard lab-size tubes (can include adaptors for different diameters) Crimping Performance:

Crimping type: Straight or convoluted crimp, Crimping speed: 10–30 tubes/min (manual) or 30–60 tubes/min (semi-automatic), Crimping force: Adjustable, up to 5–10 kN (depends on tube material), Crimping precision: ±0.2

mm Machine Features: Compact, tabletop design for lab use, Adjustable crimping heads for different tube sizes, Foot pedal or push-button operation for safety, Transparent safety cover to view operation, Digital or analog

Collapsible tube crimping control panel (for semi-automatic models), Interchangeable dies for different tube profiles, Optional torque and pressure monitoring for quality control. Electrical / Power Requirements (if semi-automatic): Power supply:

machine 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz, single-phase, Motor: 0.5–1 HP (for semi-automatic models), Energy consumption: ~200–400 W.Materials & Construction: Body: Stainless steel or powder-coated mild steel, Crimping heads: Hardened

steel or alloy steel, Safety guards: Transparent acrylic or polycarbonate, Corrosion-resistant finish suitable for chemical exposure. Dimensions & Weight: Machine footprint: 400 × 300 × 500 mm (typical tabletop size),

Weight: 25–50 kg (depending on model). Optional Accessories: Multiple dies for different tube sizes, Torque and crimp height measurement kit, Footswitch for hands-free operation, Tube feeding hopper (for semi-

automatic). Compliance: CE certified (for EU labs), ISO 9001 quality standards, GMP compliance for pharmaceutical applications.

Pan: Material: Stainless steel (SS 316L preferred for corrosion resistance and GMP compliance), Diameter: Typically 24–48 inches (600–1200 mm) depending on batch size, Depth: 6–12 inches (150–300 mm), Shape: Tilted

pan with smooth inner surface for uniform coating, Capacity: Batch size range from 5 kg to 500 kg (adjustable based on model), Drive: Variable speed motor with gear/reduction system, Speed range: 5–25 rpm (slow rotation

for uniform coating). Spray System: Spray guns: Air-atomizing or pressure-type, stainless steel, Number of guns: 1–4 (depending on pan size and production scale), Spray angle: Adjustable 15–60°, Flow rate: 50–200 mL/min

per gun (adjustable), Nozzle diameter: 0.5–1.5 mm. Air Handling & Drying: Air supply: Filtered, temperature-controlled, Air temperature: 40–80°C (for film coating), Airflow: 200–800 m³/h (adjustable for pan size), Exhaust

21 Tablet coating pan system: HEPA-filtered, ensures removal of excess moisture. Control System: Control panel: PLC or microprocessor-based, Features: Pan Speed adjustment, Spray rate control, Air temperature and flow control, Timers and

safety interlocks, Sensors: Temperature, pan load, and humidity monitoring. Safety Features: Emergency stop button, Over-temperature protection, Explosion-proof motors (for solvent-based coatings), and Safety guards

around rotating pan. Compliance & Standards: GMP-compliant design, Materials: FDA-approved, corrosion-resistant, and non-reactive, Certifications: CE, ISO 9001, or equivalent depending on region. Optional Features:

Spray atomization with solvent recovery system, In-process weight monitoring for coating thickness, jacketed pan for additional heat control, and fully enclosed pan for dust-free operation.

Key Specifications: Capacity & Volume: Distillation Flask: ~250 mL borosilicate glass boiling flask, Recommended working range: 50 – 250 mL.Material: Main glassware: Borosilicate Glass 3.3 (high thermal and chemical

resistance), Optional stands/clamps: Metal (often powder coated steel) . Components Included (Typical): 250 mL Round bottom boiling flask (with one or two necks). Steam inlet adapter (for introducing steam into the

flask). Distillation head / Splash head, Liebig or coil condenser with ground glass joints, Receiver adapter for distillate collection, Thermometer and adapter (optional), Stand, boss heads & clamps. Joint Standards: Standard

taper ground glass joints (e.g., 24/40 or 29/32) for all connections.Operating Conditions: Temperature tolerance: up to ~400 °C (typical for borosilicate glass), Use with external steam source: heating mantle or steam

Glass Steam Distillation Unit generator, Requires water for condenser (cold water in/out connections). Weight & Dimensions: Approx. assembled unit weight: ~3.5–4 kg (varies by stand and glass type). Footprint: bench top lab setup (depends on stand

(250 mL Cap.) and condenser orientation). Optional Accessories: Heating mantle for controlled boiling, vacuum adapter for reduced pressure steam distillation, Separatory funnel for oil/water separation post distillation, Extra adapters

and condensers depending on use case Use / Applications: Steam distillation of heat sensitive compounds, Essential oil extraction from plant materials. Purification of volatiles from mixtures, Educational demonstrations in

organic chemistry.

Key Specifications: Temperature Range, Standard: RT +5°C to 100°C. Optional: up to 150°C (with oil instead of water)Control: Digital PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller, Accuracy: ±0.1°C to ±0.5°C, Uniformity:

±0.2°C to ±0.5°C across the bath. Capacity / Volume: Typical: 2 L to 20 L, Customizable depending on lab requirements. Construction Material: Inner Chamber: Stainless steel (SS 304 or SS 316), Outer Body: Powder-coated

steel or stainless steel, Lid: Transparent polycarbonate or stainless steel. Heating Element: Material: Stainless steel or copper, Immersed or under-bath heating element for uniform temperature distribution. Safety

Temperature controlled Water

23 Features: Over-temperature protection, Low water level protection or automatic shut-off, Timer function (optional). Control Panel / Interface: Digital display for set temperature and actual temperature, Buttons or

touchpad for temperature setting and timer, Some models allow programmable temperature profiles. Additional Features: Circulating pump for enhanced uniformity (optional), Timer: 0–999 minutes or continuous

operation. Compact design for benchtop use, Optional: Drain valve for easy cleaning. ,Power Supply, Typical: 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz or 110–120 V, 50/60 Hz depending on region

Material: Porcelain: High-quality, dense, and non-porous porcelain, vitrified for chemical resistance. Must be acid- and alkali-resistant to withstand most laboratory reagents. Design: Mortar: Bowl-shaped, smooth interior

surface for efficient grinding. Rounded bottom to allow the pestle to make full contact. Stable base to prevent tipping during use. Pestle: Rounded end, matching the curvature of the mortar. Smooth surface to prevent sticking

of powders. Ergonomic handle for ease of grip. Size: Common laboratory sizes: 50 mL capacity (small), 100–200 mL (medium), 500 mL (large), Diameter and height proportionate to volume; typically 1:1.5 ratio (diameter:

24 Pastle and mortar porcelain

height) for stable grinding. Finish: Smooth, glazed exterior to resist staining and facilitate cleaning. Interior surface may be unglazed for better grinding efficiency (optional, depending on application). Durability: Resistant to

chipping and cracking under normal laboratory use. Withstands moderate mechanical force during grinding of powders. Compliance: Should comply with ASTM C54 / ISO 6486 standards for porcelain labware. Non-reactive

with laboratory chemicals. Usage Notes: For dry grinding of chemicals, powders, and pharmaceuticals. Avoid excessive force or dropping to prevent breakage. Clean thoroughly after each use to avoid cross-contamination.

Measurement Parameters: pH Range: 0.00 to 14.00 pH, Resolution: 0.01 pH, Accuracy: ±0.01 to ±0.02 pH units, Temperature Range: 0°C to 100°C (32°F to 212°F), Temperature Compensation: Automatic Temperature

Compensation (ATC). Electrode Specifications: Type: Glass electrode for general purpose, Reference Electrode: Ag/AgCl or similar, Body Material: Glass or plastic, Junction Type: Single or double junction, Response Time :<

10 seconds for stable reading. Display: Type: LCD or LED digital display, Readout: pH value, temperature (if ATC available), battery status, Backlight: Optional for low-light labs. Calibration: Calibration Method: Manual or

automatic, Points: 1, 2, or 3-point calibration using standard buffer solutions (pH 4.01, 7.00, 10.01), Calibration Storage: EEPROM memory to save calibration data.Power Supply: Battery: Typically 4×1.5V AA or 9V battery,

25 Digital pH meter

Optional: AC adapter or rechargeable battery. Data Handling: Output: RS-232/USB (optional) for data logging, Hold Function: Freezes measurement on display, Min/Max/Auto Mode: Optional advanced features

Construction & Environmental: Housing Material: ABS or corrosion-resistant plastic, IP Rating: IP54 or higher (splash-proof), Operating Conditions: 0–50°C, humidity <90%.Accessories: Glass electrode with storage

solution, Standard buffer solutions (pH 4, 7, 10), Electrode cleaning solution, Stand or holder for electrode.

General Description: A compact, controlled UV exposure chamber for laboratory testing. Designed to simulate sunlight or specific UV wavelengths for material aging, sterilization, or photochemical studies. Can accommodate

small samples, test strips, or devices. Chamber Construction: Material: Stainless steel interior for corrosion resistance; exterior powder-coated steel. Viewing Window: Quartz glass window for UV transparency, minimum

thickness 5 mm. Dimensions: Typical internal dimensions range: Small lab chamber: 300 × 300 × 300 mm, Medium: 600 × 600 × 600 mm Door: Lockable, UV-blocking door to protect operator from exposure. Sealing: Silicone

gaskets to prevent light leakage and ensure safety. UV Source: Lamp Type: Low-pressure mercury lamp (UVC 254 nm) – for sterilization/disinfection. UVA/UVB fluorescent lamps (315–400 nm) – for material

aging/weathering. Wavelength Range: Adjustable depending on lamp type (typically 254–400 nm). Lamp Power: 8–40 W per lamp; number of lamps depending on chamber size. Irradiance: Adjustable, e.g., 0–30 mW/cm² at

sample surface. Lamp Lifetime: Minimum 1000–2000 hours. Cooling: Air or fan-assisted to prevent overheating of lamps.Control System: Timer: Programmable timer for exposure cycles (minutes to days). Irradiance

Control: Adjustable intensity via lamp power or distance. Temperature Control: Optional, with chamber heater and thermostat for studies needing elevated temperatures. Digital Display: For UV intensity, temperature, and

elapsed time. Safety Interlocks: Lamp shuts off when door is opened. Safety Features: UV-blocking door and window. Over-temperature protection. Automatic lamp shut-off on door open or power failure. Emergency stop

button. Environmental Control (Optional): Humidity Control: 20–80% RH (relative humidity) with humidifier/dehumidifier. Air Circulation: Fan-assisted uniform distribution of UV exposure. Cooling/Heating: For

simulating temperature cycles if needed. Power Requirements: Standard AC supply: 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz, 1–2 A for small chamber; higher for larger chambers. Energy-efficient UV lamps to minimize heat load.Accessories

(Optional): Sample racks, holders, or trays. UV sensor or radiometer for monitoring irradiance. Data logging software for long-term experiments. Ozone filter (if UV-C generates ozone). Typical Applications: Material aging

studies (plastics, coatings, textiles), Sterilization and microbiological studies, UV photochemical reaction studies, testing of solar-sensitive devices.

Purpose: A TLC Development Chamber is used to develop chromatograms by allowing the solvent (mobile phase) to travel up the stationary phase (TLC plate) under controlled conditions. It ensures reproducibility,

minimizes solvent evaporation, and provides a saturated atmosphere for optimal separation. Construction Material: Body: Borosilicate glass (resistant to most organic solvents) or chemical-resistant acrylic for visibility.

Lid: Airtight, preferably with a sealing gasket to prevent vapour loss. Base: Stable, flat, and resistant to chemicals. Dimensions: Internal Size: Adequate to hold standard TLC plates (e.g., 10 × 10 cm or 20 × 20 cm) vertically or

slightly tilted. Height: Typically 15–25 cm above the TLC plate to allow vapour saturation. Width/Length: Sufficient to allow placement of multiple plates without crowding. Features: Solvent Saturation System: Chamber

must allow pre-saturation of atmosphere with the mobile phase to improve reproducibility. Optional: Filter paper or absorbent pad at the bottom or side walls to hold solvent for vapour saturation. Plate Holders / Racks:

Removable, chemical-resistant racks to hold TLC plates upright. Slots for multiple plates simultaneously. Lid / Cover: Airtight and easy to remove. Optional: Transparent for observation without opening. Drain / Cleaning

27 TLC Development Chamber

Facility: Optional: Small port or removable bottom tray for solvent removal and easy cleaning. Compatibility: Compatible with a wide range of organic and aqueous solvents. Resistant to mild acids/bases commonly used in

TLC. Accessories (Optional but Useful): TLC spotting guide/template, Solvent pads for uniform saturation, Temperature control sleeve or heating block for temperature-sensitive applications, Desiccator compatibility for

volatile solvents. Safety Considerations: Chemical-resistant and non-reactive with solvents, Stable to avoid tipping during operation, Easy to clean spills and prevent vapour leakage, Transparent material allows visual

monitoring without opening. Standards / Compliance: Should conform to common laboratory standards for chemical resistance and safety (e.g., ASTM D1193 for water purity if using aqueous solvents). Should be suitable for

routine analytical TLC procedures in academic, pharmaceutical, or industrial labs.

Tank: Material: Stainless steel (304 or 316 grade) for corrosion resistance, Capacity: Common sizes: 1–15 liters, Dimensions: Vary depending on capacity (e.g., 200 × 150 × 100 mm for 2L), Drainage: Optional drain for easy

cleaning, Lid: Stainless steel or transparent cover to reduce evaporation. Ultrasonic System: Frequency: Usually 20–40 kHz (single or dual frequency), Power Output: 50–500 W (depending on bath size),Transducers:

Piezoelectric, mounted on the bottom or sides of the tank, Mode: Continuous or pulse operation. Heating System (if applicable): Temperature Range: Ambient to 80–90°C typical, Control: Digital or analog thermostat, Safety:

Over-temperature protection. Timer & Control: Timer: 1–99 minutes or continuous mode, Display: Digital or analog for time and temperature, Controls: Simple push buttons or rotary knobs. Additional Features: Degassing

28 Ultrasonic Bath

mode for removing dissolved gases from liquids, Sweep mode for uniform cavitation, Drain outlet for easy emptying, Low-water or overheat protection. Electrical Requirements: Voltage: 110V/220V AC, 50/60 Hz

(depending on region), Power Consumption: 100–600 W depending on bath size and heating. Performance Indicators: Cleaning Efficiency: Dependent on frequency and power, Cavitation Uniformity: Should be tested using

aluminium foil or chemical method, Noise Level: Typically <60–70 db. Safety & Compliance: Overheat and low-liquid level protection, CE or UL certification for laboratory electrical safety, Non-toxic, corrosion-resistant

Microwave Generator: Frequency: 2.45 GHz (standard lab frequency), Output Power: 100–1000 W adjustable, Power Control: Continuous adjustable or pulsed operation, Safety: Automatic shutdown on door opening or

system fault. Reaction Vessels: Material: Borosilicate glass, PTFE, or quartz, Volume: 5–100 mL typical; modular multi-vessel setups available, sealing: Pressure resistant caps with venting options, Temperature Rating: Up to

250°C, Pressure Rating: Up to 30 bar (varies by vessel design). Temperature and Pressure Control: Temperature Sensor: Fiber-optic or IR sensor for accurate measurement Range: Ambient to 250°C, Pressure Sensor: 0–30

bar range, Control: Automated feedback control for consistent reaction conditions, Safety: Over-temperature and over-pressure cutoffs. Reactor Modes: Single reaction mode, Parallel/multi-vessel mode for high-throughput

synthesis, Programmable heating profiles (ramp, hold, pulse) Software and Automation: Reaction monitoring: real-time temperature, pressure, and microwave power, Data logging: reaction history for reproducibility, Pre-

29 Microwave Synthesis

programmed methods for common reactions (organic synthesis, polymerization), Remote operation option (software interface via PC or touchscreen) Safety Features: Interlocked microwave chamber, Pressure relief valves

or rupture discs, Exhaust/venting system for volatile gases, Emergency stop button. Physical and Environmental: Dimensions: compact benchtop design (~0.5–1 m³ footprint), Weight: ~50–100 kg depending on

configuration, Power Supply: 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz single-phase, Cooling: Built-in air or water cooling for continuous operation, Compliance: CE/FDA or local safety standards.Optional Accessories: High-pressure vessels

(>50 bar), Automated sample injection, Stirring or agitation options for uniform mixing, UV or IR irradiation for photochemical reactions, Integrated analytical sensors (pH, conductivity).

Temperature Control: Range: Typically 5 °C above ambient to 100 °C (some models up to 150 °C), Accuracy: ±0.1 °C to ±1 °C depending on model, Uniformity: ±0.5 °C across the bath, Controller Type: Digital PID with setpoint

display, Safety Features: Over-temperature cut-off, independent high-limit safety. Shaking / Agitation: Shaking Speed: 20–300 rpm (rotations per minute), some models up to 500 rpm, Amplitude / Stroke: 10–30 mm

(orbital), depending on shaker type, Shaking Modes: Orbital, reciprocal, or linear (model dependent), Load Capacity: 5–20 kg depending on platform size and motor. Bath Specifications: Bath Volume: 5–20 L common;

custom sizes available, Material: Stainless steel (AISI 304 or 316), corrosion-resistant, Water or Oil Compatible: Some models allow oil for high-temperature operation, Drainage: Built-in drain for easy water removal, Lid /

30 Shaker Bath Cover: Transparent or insulated lid for heat retention. Platform / Tray: Dimensions: Varies; e.g., 300 × 300 mm to 600 × 600 mm, Material: Stainless steel, Clamps / Holders: Optional clamps for flasks, test tubes, or beakers

Control& Display: Digital display for temperature and timer, Timer: 1 min–99 hr or continuous operation, Alarm: Audio/visual alarm for temperature deviations or timer end Electrical Specifications: Voltage: 220–240 V,

50/60 Hz (some models 110 V), Power: 500–1500 W depending on bath volume and temperatureSafety Features: Over-temperature protection, Low water level alarm or auto shut-off (for water baths), Slip-resistant

platform, Splash guard. Additional Features (Optional): Programmable temperature ramps, Multiple speed settings, USB / RS232 for data logging, cooling options (for refrigerated shaker baths), transparent lid for visual

Capacity & Size: Internal chamber dimensions: Specify in mm (e.g., 400 × 400 × 500 mm), External dimensions: To accommodate installation space requirements, Shelf configuration: Stainless steel shelves, adjustable,

removable, Chamber capacity: 10–200 liters (depending on model). Construction & Materials: Chamber material: Stainless Steel SS304 or SS316 (corrosion resistant) Outer body: Powder-coated mild steel or stainless steel,

Viewing window: Tempered glass for observation, Seals: Silicone or Viton gaskets, vacuum tight.Vacuum System: Type: Oil rotary vane pump or diaphragm pump, Vacuum range: 0 – 99 kPa absolute (adjustable), Vacuum

display: Digital or analog vacuum gauge, Vacuum control: Manual or automatic with safety interlocks. Heating System: Type: Electrical heating with thermostatic control, Temperature range: Ambient +5°C to 200°C (typical),

Temperature accuracy: ±1°C, Heating mode: Shelf or chamber heating, uniform distribution, Overheat protection: Built-in thermal cut-off Control & Monitoring: Control panel: Digital microprocessor or PID controller,

31 Vacuum Dryer

Temperature display: LED/LCD, Timer: Programmable duration (0–99 hours), Safety features: Over-temperature alarm, Door open interlock, Vacuum loss alarm.Electrical Requirements: Power supply: 220–240 V, 50/60

Hz, single-phase or three-phase, Power consumption: Typically 1–3 kW depending on size. Additional Features: Stainless steel trays/shelves, Optional drying racks or baskets, Caster wheels for mobility, Optional data

logging / USB or network interface. Standards & Compliance: CE / UL certification for safety, ISO 9001 manufacturing standard, RoHS / environmental compliance Optional Accessories: External vacuum pump (if not

integrated), Temperature and vacuum recording system, Explosion-proof version for volatile solvents.

Type: Rockwell, Brinell, or Vickers hardness tester, Manual or digital/electronic operation Testing Range: Rockwell: Typically HRB 0–100, HRC 20–70, Brinell: 10–3000 HBW (depending on load and indenter), Vickers:

1–1000 HV Load / Force: Adjustable test loads (N or kgf), typically: Light load: 1–10 kgf, Standard load: 60–150 kgf, Heavy load: 3000 kgf for Brinell.Indenter: Rockwell: Diamond cone (Brale) or hardened steel ball, Brinell:

Tungsten carbide or steel ball, Vickers: Diamond pyramid. Accuracy: ±1% of full scale or as per ASTM/EU standards, Conforms to ASTM E18, ISO 6508 (Rockwell), ISO 6506 (Brinell), ISO 6507 (Vickers).Display & Operation:

32 Hardless Tester Digital readout with memory function (optional), Manual dial gauge or automated digital measurement, Data output: USB/RS232 (for digital models). Sample Size: Minimum: ~5 mm thickness or 10 mm diameter (varies by

tester), Maximum: Up to 300 mm height for some bench models. Environmental Requirements: Operating temperature: 10–35°C, Relative humidity: < 80% non-condensingPower Supply: AC 220V ±10%, 50/60 Hz (for

digital/electronic testers), Optional battery operation for portable models Optional Features: Motorized stage for automatic sample positioning, Software for statistical analysis and reporting, Multi-scale hardness testing

(Rockwell + Brinell + Vickers).

Apparatus Type: Model: Paddle (Apparatus 2) or Basket (Apparatus 1) as per USP/Ph. Eur. Standards, Number of Vessels: 1–8 (typical lab models have 6 vessels). Vessel Specifications: Material: Borosilicate glass

(transparent, chemical resistant) Volume: 100 mL to 1000 mL, typically 900 mL standard,Temperature Range: Ambient to 45 °C (or up to 75 °C for specialized models), Markings: Graduated for precise volume measurement.

Shaft & Stirrer: Material: Stainless steel (316L) or PTFE-coated, Rotation Speed: 25–250 rpm, adjustable in 1 rpm increments, SpeedAccuracy: ±1 rpm, Types of Stirrer: Paddle (flat blade) – for tablet dissolution, Basket

(cylindrical mesh) – for capsule dissolution. Temperature Control: Water Bath: Integrated or external, Accuracy: ±0.5 °C, Heating Method: Electric with thermostat control. Motor & Drive System: Type: Brushless DC or

33 Dissolution Apparatus

stepper motor for precise speed, Power Supply: 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz (or 110 V in some regions), Torque Control: To maintain consistent rpm under load.Data Handling (if applicable): Digital Display: RPM, temperature,

and elapsed time, Timer: Up to 99 min 59 sec, auto-stop feature, Software Interface: Optional for data logging and export (USB/PC). Dimensions & Construction: Overall Size: Compact bench-top (approx. 500 × 400 ×

mm), Frame Material: Stainless steel for corrosion resistance, Vibration Control: Anti-vibration pads to prevent measurement errors. Compliance & Standards: Compliant with: USP <711> Dissolution, Ph. Eur. 2.9.3, JP, BP

standards where applicable. CE / ISO certified models recommended for lab safety. Accessories: Baskets, paddles, and shafts of various diameters, Sampling probes and filters, Extra vessels and heating elements.

Buchner Funnel or Conical Funnel: Material: Borosilicate glass or polypropylene, Size: 50–150 mm diameter (depending on volume), Features: Flat perforated plate for filter paper support, smooth conical shape for

uniform flow. Filter Paper: Type: Qualitative or quantitative (as per experiment).Diameter: Matches funnel size, Characteristics: Retains fine particles, chemically compatible with solvent. Filtration Flask / Vacuum Flask:

Material: Borosilicate glass, thick-walled for vacuum use, Capacity: 250–1000 mL, Features: Side-arm for vacuum connection, heavy base for stability.Rubber Tubing: Material: Silicone or natural rubber, Function: Connects

flask side-arm to vacuum source, Length: 0.5–1 m, flexible and resistant to kinking. Clamp and Stand: Material: Stainless steel or anodized aluminum, Function: Hold funnel and flask securely during filtration. Vacuum Source

(Optional for Vacuum Filtration): Pump or water aspirator, Pressure: 0.5–0.7 bar vacuum recommended

Feature Requirement

Chemical Resistance Must withstand common lab solvents and reagents

34 Filtration Assembly Temperature Resistance 0–150°C (glass), 0–100°C (plastic)

Pressure Resistance (for vacuum) Up to 0.7 bar below atmospheric pressure

Assembly Stability Funnel must fit flask securely; minimal wobbling

Flow Rate Dependent on filter paper grade; ensure efficient filtration without bypass

Safety No sharp edges; resistant to sudden vacuum collapse

Reusability Components should be autoclavable or easy to clean

Optional Accessories: Funnel adapter (to fit different flask sizes), Porcelain fritted disk (for finer filtration), Vacuum gauge to monitor pressure, Stopcock or pinch clamp for controlled liquid flow. Standards: ISO 4796-1:

Laboratory glassware – Filtration flasks and funnels, ASTM E398: Standard specification for filter paper and lab filtration procedures.

Technical Specifications:

Parameter Typical Range / Requirement

Model Type Benchtop / Floor-standing

Cooling System Cascade refrigeration system with condenser temperature: –50°C to –85°C (some models up to –100°C)

Vacuum Pump Oil-sealed or dry pump; ultimate vacuum: 0.01–0.1 mbar

Shelves / Tray 1–6 stainless steel shelves, with shelf temperature: –40°C to +60°C

Sample Capacity 1–10 liters (depending on model and shelf size)

Temperature Control Programmable shelf temperature with ±1°C accuracy

Vacuum Control Digital vacuum controller with adjustable setpoints

35 Lyophilizer Display / Control Touchscreen LCD for temperature, vacuum, and time settings; optional PC/software interface

Safety Features Over-temperature protection, vacuum alarm, door interlock, condenser full alarm

Material Stainless steel (304/316) interior; corrosion-resistant exterior

Power Supply 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz (single phase for benchtop; three phase for large models)

Dimensions (Approx.) Benchtop: 600 × 500 × 800 mm; Floor-standing: 1000 × 800 × 1500 mm

Weight (Approx.) 50–150 kg (depending on model)

Optional Features: Pre-freezing shelf or shelf-freezing system, Auto-defrost function, Data logging and remote monitoring (USB/Ethernet), Multiple condenser capacity for larger batch drying, Cleanroom-compatible or GMP-

compliant design, Sterilizable chamber or in-situ sterilization. Performance Indicators: Freezing time: 30–120 minutes for 1 liter of sample (depends on sample type), Sublimation rate: 0.5–3 kg/day water removal, Noise

level: <60 dB (benchtop).

Key Specifications:

Feature Typical Specification

Frequency 20 kHz – 40 kHz (common)

Output Power 50 W – 1000 W (continuous or pulsed mode)

Amplitude Range 10% – 100% adjustable

Operation Mode Continuous / Pulsed / Timer-based

Pulse Control Adjustable ON/OFF cycles (e.g., 1–9 sec ON/OFF)

Power Supply AC 220–240V, 50/60 Hz (or 110–120V in some regions)

36 Sonicator Cooling System Air-cooled or water-cooled probe options

Probe Material Titanium (durable and corrosion-resistant)

Sample Volume Range 0.1 mL – 1 L (depends on probe size)

Safety Features Overload protection, thermal cutoff, automatic shutdown

Display & Controls Digital LED display or touch interface for amplitude, time, pulse, and power

Accessories Multiple probe sizes, microtip for small volumes, beaker holders, foot switch (optional)

Applications Cell disruption, protein extraction, nanoparticle dispersion, degassing liquids, emulsification

Optional Features: Programmable protocols for repetitive processes. Noise reduction enclosure for minimizing ultrasonic noise. Remote control via software or Bluetooth.

Measurement Parameters: Blood Pressure Range:, Systolic: 0 – 300 mmHg, Diastolic: 0 – 200 mmHg, Pulse Rate Range: 40 – 200 beats per minute (bpm), Measurement Accuracy: BP: ±3 mmHg, Pulse: ±5% of reading

Measurement Method: Oscillometric or electronic method for automatic detection. Fully automatic inflation and deflation. Cuff-based measurement (upper arm preferred). Display: Digital LCD/LED display. Shows: Systolic /

Diastolic pressure, Pulse rate. Optional: Irregular heartbeat detection indicator.Cuff Specifications: Adult standard: 22 – 32 cm arm circumference. Optional: Large cuff 32 – 42 cm. Latex-free material.Memory & Data

Storage: Internal memory: Stores last 60–120 measurements (varies by model). Date and time stamping for each reading. Optional: PC connectivity via USB/Bluetooth for data export. Power Supply: Battery operated: 4 ×

37 Digital BP Instrument

AA batteries (or as per model). Optional: AC adapter support. Low battery indicator. Operating Conditions: Temperature: 10°C – 40°C, Humidity: 15% – 85% RH, Atmospheric pressure: 80 – 106 kPaSafety & Standards:

Compliance with ISO 81060-2 / IEC 60601-1 / CE / FDA standards. Overpressure protection in cuff. Automatic shut-off after measurement.Physical Specifications: Weight: 0.8 – 1.2 kg (depending on model) Dimensions:

Approx. 180 × 120 × 80 mm.Optional Features: Multi-user support (2–4 users). Averaging function for last 3 measurements. Hypertension risk indicator. Mobile app integration for monitoring trends.

Purpose: A clinical thermometer is designed to measure the human body temperature accurately, typically for medical, laboratory, or diagnostic use. Measurement Range: Normal human body range: 35 °C to 42 °C (95 °F to

107.6 °F), Some thermometers may extend slightly lower (32 °C / 89.6 °F) for special applications.Accuracy: ±0.1 °C (±0.2 °F) within the range of 35 °C–42 °C, Accuracy should be validated according to ISO 80601-2-56 or

equivalent standards for clinical thermometers. Scale: Graduation: 0.1 °C (or 0.2 °F), Scale should be clearly marked and easy to read. Material: Stem: Glass or high-quality transparent plastic, Bulb: Mercury or alcohol-based

(colored red or blue for visibility), Casing (if applicable): Protective metal or plastic sleeve. Note: Mercury thermometers are being phased out in many countries due to toxicity concerns; alcohol or digital variants are

38 Clinical Thermometer preferred. Design Features: Length: Typically 12–15 cm for easy handling, Bulb size: Sufficient to hold enough liquid for accurate reading (approx. 3–5 mm diameter), Constriction: Small constriction in the capillary prevents

liquid from returning immediately, allowing the user to read the temperature after removal, Calibration: Pre-calibrated; should allow re-calibration if required. Temperature Reading: Time required: Usually 3–5 minutes

under normal conditions for mercury/alcohol thermometers, Should provide a stable reading that does not fluctuate significantly once measured. Safety and Compliance: Non-toxic alternatives: Alcohol or digital

thermometers, Standards compliance: ISO 80601-2-56, ASTM E1, or equivalent, Safety: Break-resistant design or protective casingOptional Features: Protective case or sheath, Dual scale (°C and °F), Color-coded tips for oral,

rectal, or axillary use, Digital readout (for modern variants)

Measurement Parameters: SpO₂ Range: 0% – 100%, SpO₂ Accuracy: ±2% (typically in 70–100% range), Pulse Rate Range: 30 – 250 beats per minute (BPM), Pulse Rate Accuracy: ±2 BPM or ±2%Sensor/Probe: Type:

Transmission or Reflectance sensor, Probe Options: Finger, earlobe, or pediatric probes, Cable Length: 1–2 meters (detachable preferred), Reusable/Disposable: Both options depending on application, Probe Compatibility:

Standard connectors for lab equipment integration Display: Type: OLED or LCD, Parameters Shown: SpO₂, pulse rate, perfusion index (optional), plethysmograph waveform, Brightness: Adjustable for lab lighting conditions,

Data Logging: Internal memory for storing measurement history. Performance: Response Time: ≤5 seconds for stable reading, Signal Processing: Motion artifact reduction, Perfusion Index Detection: Optional, 0.02% – 20%

range, Alarm Features: High/low SpO₂ and pulse rate limits. Connectivity: Interface: USB, Bluetooth, or RS232 for PC/lab system connection, Data Export: CSV, XML, or direct software integration, Software Compatibility:

39 Pulse Oximeter

Windows/macOS/Linux (if applicable) Power Supply: Battery: Rechargeable Li-ion or AA batteries, Battery Life: ≥20 hours continuous operation, Charging: USB or AC adapter. Physical Specifications: Dimensions: Compact,

handheld or benchtop (varies by model), Weight: ≤300 g (for handheld), Operating Temperature: 5°C – 40°C, Storage Temperature: -20°C – 55°C, Humidity: 15% – 95% non-condensing.Compliance and Safety: Medical

Standards: ISO 80601-2-61, IEC 60601-1, FDA approved (if applicable), Electrical Safety: CE certified, Class II device, Environmental: RoHS compliant.Optional Features: Continuous data monitoring for research purposes,

Alarm system for critical SpO₂ or PR thresholds, Integration with lab data acquisition systems, Pediatric and neonatal probes, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi data streaming.

Purpose: To measure the rate at which red blood cells (RBCs) settle in anticoagulated blood, aiding in the detection of inflammation, infection, autoimmune disorders, and other pathological conditions. Principle:

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is determined by the settling of red blood cells in a vertical tube over a specified time. ESR increases with the presence of acute phase proteins like fibrinogen, which promote rouleaux

formation. Westergren Method: Uses a longer tube (200 mm) with blood diluted in sodium citrate. Wintrobe Method: Uses a shorter, narrower tube (100 mm) with undiluted blood.Components / Apparatus: Westergren

ESR Apparatus: ESR Tubes:, Length: 200 mm, Internal diameter: 2.5 mm, Graduated in mm from 0 to 200 Rack / Stand: Vertical stand to hold tubes upright, Non-absorbent, chemical-resistant Anticoagulant: 3.8% Sodium

ESR Apparatus (Westergren

40 citrate (blood:anticoagulant ratio 4:1) Pipette: 2 mL graduated pipette for accurate blood collection Timer: 60-minute timer or stopwatch. Wintrobe ESR Apparatus: Wintrobe tubes: Length: 100 mm, Internal diameter: 3

mm, Graduated in mm from 0 to 100 Rack / Stand: Holds tubes vertically Anticoagulant: Usually EDTA (optional heparin) Blood Collection Device: 2–3 mL blood sample Timer: 60-minute timer.Operating Conditions: Room

temperature: 18–25°C, Tubes must be vertical; no tilting allowed, Avoid vibration during sedimentation, Blood must be well-mixed with anticoagulant before filling. Measurement & Reading: Westergren: ESR read in mm

after 1 hour. Reference ranges: Male: 0–15 mm/hr, Female: 0–20 mm/hr Advantages & Considerations: Feature Westergren Wintrobe, Accuracy More sensitive, preferred for clinical diagnosis Less sensitive, Tube Length

mm 100 mm, Blood Volume 2–3 mL 1 mL, Dilution Blood diluted with citrate Undiluted blood, Reference Method Recommended by ICSH Mostly historical/less common

Measurement Parameters: Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR): 60 – 800 L/min (typical range for adults) Measurement Units:Liters per minute (L/min) Accuracy: ±10 L/min or ±5% of reading, whichever is greater

Resolution: 1 L/min. Device Type: Manual/Mechanical: Spring-based or piston-type Digital/Electronic: With LCD or LED display, optional data logging Portable: Handheld, lightweight for ease of use Materials: Mouthpiece:

Medical-grade plastic, removable and washable Housing: Durable ABS plastic or similar Internal Mechanism: Corrosion-resistant metals (for mechanical types) or reliable sensors (for digital types)Display & Indicators (for

digital meters) Digital Display: Shows PEFR reading in L/min. Memory Storage: Stores multiple readings (10–100 readings typical). Average/Best Value: Function to calculate average or best of multiple attempts. Battery

41 Peak Flow Meter Indicator: Low battery warning. Calibration & Standards: Calibration: Factory-calibrated; adjustable if required Compliance: Meets ATS (American Thoracic Society) / ERS (European Respiratory Society) standards for peak

flow measurement. Temperature/Humidity Range: Operable at 10°C–40°C, 10–95% RH.Physical Specifications: Dimensions: Typically 200–250 mm length, 30–50 mm diameter Weight: 100–300 g depending on model

Portability: Handheld, pocket-sized (for mechanical); tabletop optional for lab setups Additional Features (Optional): Data Connectivity: USB/Bluetooth for exporting readings to computers or mobile apps, Software

Integration: Compatible with respiratory monitoring software, Hygiene: Disposable mouthpieces or antimicrobial coating . Safety & Maintenance: Cleaning: Washable mouthpiece; wipe exterior with disinfectant. Non-

invasive: No patient risk when used correctly. Maintenance: Annual calibration recommended for lab use.

Type of Balance: Mechanical / Analog Balance: Traditional beam balance or triple beam balance. Capacity: Typically 200 g to 500 g for educational labs; precision laboratory balances can go up to 1 kg or more. Accuracy &

Sensitivity: Sensitivity / Readability: Educational balance: ±0.1 g to ±0.01 g Analytical balance (precision labs): ±0.001 g or better. Minimum Weight Measurement: Should be able to measure at least 1–2 g accurately for lab

experiments. Construction & Material: Beam / Platform: Stainless steel or anodized aluminum for durability Base: Rigid, non-slip base to ensure stability Pans: Removable, corrosion-resistant pans for easy cleaning Design

42 Physical Balance Features: Leveling: Adjustable feet with a spirit level for precise leveling, Zero Adjustment: Manual knob or screw for taring/zeroing the balance, Graduated Scale: Clearly marked beam with high-contrast markings for easy

reading Accessories: Set of standard weights (calibration): e.g., 1 g, 5 g, 10 g, 50 g, 100 g, Protective cover to prevent dust and damageEnvironmental Requirements: Should be placed on a vibration-free, stable surface,

Avoid drafts, temperature fluctuations, or magnetic/electrical interference Safety & Maintenance: Clean after each use to prevent corrosion or residue, Avoid overloading beyond maximum capacity, Regular calibration using

standard weights.

Measurement Range: Minimum Height: 0 cm (or 0 inches), Maximum Height: 200–220 cm (or 6’6”–7’2”) depending on model

Accuracy & Resolution: Measurement Accuracy: ±1 mm, Scale Resolution: 1 mm (or 0.1 cm) Construction: Material: Durable aluminum, stainless steel, or high-quality ABS plastic, Finish: Corrosion-resistant with clear

markings, Base: Stable, non-slip platform (often metal or heavy-duty plastic). Scale & Display: Type: Metric (cm) and/or imperial (inches), Scale Format: Printed or etched, large and legible, Optional: Digital display for

electronic stadiometers.Headpiece: Type: Movable, horizontal headpiece, Material: Rigid plastic or metal, Adjustment: Smooth sliding, locks securely at measurement point

User Features: Wall-mounted or freestanding, Foldable or retractable (for compact storage, if needed), Non-slip footplate for consistent stance. Environmental Requirements: Operating Temperature: 15–30°C (59–86°F),

Humidity: 30–70% RH. Optional Features: Digital height readout, Bluetooth or USB output for data recording, Integrated BMI calculation (with weight scale accessory) Standards & Compliance: Conforms to ISO 7250 (basic

human body measurement standards), Meets CE/FDA requirements for medical devices (if applicable)

Capacity & Accuracy: Maximum Capacity: 150 kg (330 lbs), Minimum Weight Detection: 1 kg (or 0.1 kg for high-precision models),Readability / Resolution: 100 g (0.1 kg), Tolerance / Accuracy: ±0.1% of full-scale

Platform: Material: Stainless steel or anti-slip tempered glass, Dimensions: Approx. 400 mm × 400 mm (16 × 16 inches), Platform Height: Low-profile design (5–10 cm) for easy access, Load Cells: High-precision strain gauge

sensors Display & Interface: Type: Digital LCD or LED display with backlight, Digits: 3–5 digits depending on resolution, Units: kg/lb selectable, Additional Features: Tare function, zero reset, auto-off Power Supply:

44 Adult Weighing Scale (150 kg) Options: AC adapter and/or battery (rechargeable or AA/AAA), Battery Life: Typically 100–200 hours of continuous useEnvironmental & Safety: Operating Temperature: 10°C to 40°C, Humidity: Up to 85% non-condensing,

Safety Features: Overload protection, non-slip platform Optional Features: BMI measurement (with height input), USB/RS232 output for data logging, Integrated printer for weight records, Voice announcement of weight

(for accessibility) Standards & Compliance: ISO 9001 / ISO 13485 certified (for medical use), CE / FCC marking, OIML Class III for medical or laboratory scales.

Device Overview: A glucometer is a medical device used to measure blood glucose levels. In a laboratory setting, it is often used for rapid glucose monitoring and calibration of clinical studies. Measurement Principles:

Method: Electrochemical (common), olorimetric, or photometric detection. Sample Type: Capillary, venous, or arterial blood. Sample Volume: Typically 0.3–1.0 µL per test. Detection Range: Usually 20–600 mg/dL (1.1–33.3

mmol/L), depending on model. Accuracy & Precision: Accuracy: ±5 mg/dL (for glucose <100 mg/dL) or ±5% (for glucose ≥100 mg/dL) according to ISO 15197:2013 standards. Precision: Coefficient of variation (CV) ≤5%.

Interference Testing: Should account for common interferents such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, paracetamol, triglycerides, and hematocrit variations. Calibration: Factory-Calibrated: Most modern lab glucometers are factory-

calibrated. Self-Calibration: Some models require periodic calibration using control solutions. Control Solutions: Provided to verify meter performance; must match expected glucose values. Display & Interface: Display Type:

LCD or LED screen with numerical readout. Units: mg/dL or mmol/L. Memory: Stores at least 500 test results with timestamps. Connectivity: Optional USB/Bluetooth for exporting results to lab information systems (LIS).

Power & Battery: Battery Type: AA/AAA or rechargeable lithium-ion battery. Battery Life: Minimum 1,000 tests per battery charge (depending on usage). Environmental Conditions: Operating Temperature: 10–40°C

(50–104°F). Operating Humidity: 10–90% non-condensing. Storage Temperature: -20–50°C (-4–122°F).Physical Specifications: Dimensions: Approx. 100 × 60 × 25 mm (varies by model). Weight: 100–150 g. Strip Port:

Single test strip insertion. Strip Compatibility: Proprietary or universal test strips. Safety & Compliance: Certifications: CE, FDA, ISO 15197, and/or ISO 13485. Safety Features: Automatic shutoff, low battery ndicator, error

detection. Optional Features: Continuous glucose monitoring interface (for advanced lab research). Statistical analysis software for trend tracking. Multi-user profile support.

General Description: A laboratory oven is used for drying, curing, annealing, sterilizing, and heating samples in a controlled environment. It provides uniform temperature distribution with adjustable heating. Key

Specifications: Temperature Range & Control: Temperature Range: Typically 50°C to 300°C (can vary with models; some high-temperature ovens reach 500°C or more), Temperature Accuracy: ±1–2°C, Temperature

Uniformity: ±2–3°C across chamber, Controller Type: Digital PID controller with LED/LCD display, Heating Method: Electric heating elements (usually Nichrome or Kanthal).Chamber: Material: Stainless steel interior (SUS

304 or 316) for corrosion resistance, Exterior: Powder-coated mild steel, Capacity: From 5 liters up to 200 liters or more, depending on model, Shelves: Adjustable, stainless steel or aluminum shelves.Air Circulation: Type:

Natural convection or forced (fan-assisted) onvection, Fan Material: Stainless steel for forced convection, Uniform Heating: Ensures consistent temperature distribution Safety Features: Over-temperature cut-off (safety

thermostat), Independent overheat alarm, Door safety switch (oven stops heating if door is opened), Optional flameproof or explosion-proof design for volatile solvents Power Requirements: Voltage: 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz

(single phase) or 380–415 V, 3 phase for large ovens, Power Consumption: Depends on size, generally 1–5 kWOptional Features: Timers (mechanical or digital), USB/RS232 interface for data logging, Programmable

temperature profiles, Transparent glass door for visual monitoring, HEPA filters for clean-air operation Standards & Certifications: ISO 9001 or ISO 13485 (depending on lab application), CE certified for electrical safety,

RoHS compliance

Type: Rotary vane, diaphragm, or piston type (oil-free preferred for chemical labs to avoid contamination), Manual or electric operation

Performance: Ultimate vacuum: 50–100 mbar (0.05–0.1 bar) for general lab use; high-vacuum versions can reach 1–10 mbar, Flow rate: 2–20 L/min depending on size, Suction capacity: Should be compatible with the volume

of the experiment or filtration setup Construction: Corrosion-resistant materials (stainless steel, PTFE, or chemically resistant plastics) for chemical compatibility, Transparent or semi-transparent collection flask (if

included) for observing fluid collection. Power: Electric: 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz single-hase (or 110 V depending on region), Low noise and low vibration operation.Safety Features: Oil-free or closed oil reservoir to prevent

47 Suction Pump

spillage, Overload and thermal protection for motor, Non-return valve to prevent backflow, Chemical-resistant tubing and fittings Accessories: Tubing (PTFE, rubber, or silicone), Vacuum gauge or manometer (optional but

recommended), Filter or trap to protect pump from liquid ingress. Applications: Vacuum filtration, Evaporation under reduced pressure, Aspiration of liquids in microbiology or chemistry labs, Desiccation or degassing

operations Dimensions & Weight: Compact and bench-top model preferred: approximately 30–50 cm × 20–30 cm × 20–30 cm, Weight: 5–15 kg depending on model.

Temperature Range: Maximum temperature: 1000°C to 1200°C (some models up to 1600°C depending on application), Minimumcontrollable temperature: ~50°C, Temperature uniformity: ±2–3% of set temperature

Heating Rate: Typical heating rate: 10–15°C per minute, Ramp programming capability (optional for advanced models) Temperature Control: Microprocessor-based PID controller, Digital display for set and actual

temperature, Over-temperature protection Furnace Chamber: Material: High-quality ceramic or alumina for thermal insulation, Volume: Typically 1–5 liters, depending on model, Chamber dimensions: Example: 200 mm ×

48 Muffle Furnace 150 mm × 150 mm (can vary)Construction: Outer body: Powder-coated mild steel or stainless steel, Inner insulation: Ceramic fiber or refractory brick, Door: Hinged or sliding with insulated handle Power Requirements:

Voltage: 220–240 V AC single phase (some models 380 V three-phase), Power: 1–5 kW depending on capacity and temperatureSafety Features: Over-temperature cut-off, Heat-resistant exterior, Alarm or indicator for door

open/over-temperature, Optional timer for auto-shutdown Optional Features: Programmable temperature profiles, Vacuum or inert gas capability (for specialized applications), Data logging via USB or RS232 interface

General Description: A laboratory mechanical stirrer is a device designed for mixing liquids, suspensions, or solutions with controlled speed. It is widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological laboratories for

homogenization, dissolution, or reaction kinetics.

Stirring Mechanism: Type: Overhead or magnetic coupling (depending on requirement), Motor: Brushless DC motor or AC motor, Speed Control: Digital or analog, variable speed, Speed Range: 50 – 2000 RPM (adjustable),

Torque: Sufficient for viscous liquids up to 10,000 cP (depending on model), Direction: Clockwise / Counter clockwise (optional reversible)Control Panel: Digital display of RPM and time optional), Timer function: Up to

hours 59 minutes, Emergency stop button, Soft start to prevent splashing Stirring Rod/Impeller: Material: Stainless steel (SS304 / SS316), Diameter: 10 – 50 mm (customizable), Length: Up to 300 mm or as per vessel size,

49 Mechanical Stirrer

Types: Propeller, paddle, or turbine (depending on application) Construction: Body: Powder-coated mild steel or stainless steel, Mounting: Bench-top, stand-mounted, or magnetic base, Safety: Splash-proof design, overload

protection, and motor overheating protection Power Requirements: Voltage: 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz single phase, Power Consumption: 50–200 W (depending on motor)Compatibility: Suitable for beakers, flasks, or reaction

vessels up to 5 L, Clamp or stand for vessel support Optional Features: Wi-Fi or USB connectivity for data logging, Programmable stirring profiles, Autoclavable impeller, Chemical-resistant coatings for aggressive media If

you want, I can also draft a table format technical specification sheet like you would see in a lab equipment catalog, which makes it much easier to include in procurement documents.

Type of Pump: Rotary vane vacuum pump – most common in labs for moderate vacuum levels. Diaphragm vacuum pump – oil-free, suitable for corrosive gases and low maintenance. Scroll vacuum pump – high vacuum, oil-

free, low vibration. Vacuum Performance: Ultimate vacuum (pressure limit): Usually measured in mbar, Torr, or Pa. Example: 0.1 mbar (100 Pa) for a high-efficiency rotary pump. Pumping speed (capacity): Volume of gas

moved per unit time. Example: 5–20 m³/h (or L/min), depending on application. Noise vel:<60–70 dB typical for lab use.Power Requirements: Voltage: 110–120 V or 220–240 V, single-phase AC. Frequency: 50/60 Hz.

Power rating: 0.25–1 kW depending on size. Construction: Materials: Pump body: Cast aluminum or stainless steel. Seals and diaphragms: Viton, PTFE, or Nitrile.Corrosion resistance: Important if pumping solvents or acidic

vapors. Operation & Control: Continuous or intermittent duty: Lab pumps are typically continuous-duty rated. Control features: On/off switch, vacuum gauge port, speed control (optional). Oil type (if applicable): Mineral oil

or synthetic oil for rotary vane pumps.Connections: Inlet/outlet ports: Usually KF (ISO-KF) or NW flanges. Hose compatibility: 6–12 mm ID typical for small lab setups. Safety & Maintenance: Overheat protection –

automatic shutoff if motor exceeds safe temperature. Oil mist filter – for rotary vane pumps. Ease of maintenance: Quick oil change, replaceable diaphragms or seals. Environmental Conditions: Ambient temperature:

5–40°C. Humidity: 20–80% RH (non-condensing).

Purpose: The distillation assembly is used to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points of components. It is suitable for: Purification of liquids. Separation of volatile and non-volatile components. Solvent

recovery in chemical processes.Components of the Assembly: A standard laboratory distillation setup typically includes:Distillation Flask (Boiling Flask): Function: Holds the mixture to be distilled and allows heating.

Material: Borosilicate glass (e.g., Pyrex) resistant to thermal shock. Size: 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, or 1 L depending on scale. Features: Round bottom with standard taper joint for condenser attachment.Condenser:

Function: Cools and condenses the vapor back to liquid. Types: Liebig, Allihn, Graham, or Vigreux column depending on efficiency required. Material: Borosilicate glass with inlet/outlet for cooling water. Length: 20–40 cm

typical.Receiving Flask: Function: Collects distilled liquid (distillate). Material: Borosilicate glass. Size: Appropriately sized to collect expected volume.Thermometer & Adapter: Thermometer measures vapor temperature

51 Distillation Assembly for process monitoring. Adapter connects thermometer to the distillation flask/condenser. Temperature range: Typically -10°C to 250°C or higher depending on application.Heating Source: Options: Heating mantle,

water/oil bath, or Bunsen burner. Should allow controlled heating to prevent bumping or overheating.Clamps & Stands: For securing flasks, condenser, and other components. Ensure stability to prevent accidents.Optional

Additions: Fractionating Column: For fractional distillation to improve separation efficiency.Vacuum Adapter: For vacuum distillation of heat-sensitive compounds.Material & Safety Considerations: All glassware should be

borosilicate to resist chemical corrosion and thermal shock. Rubber or silicone tubing for condenser connections should be heat-resistant. Heating sources should have temperature control. Assembly should allow safe venting

to prevent pressure buildup.Operational Specifications: Typical boiling range: 0–250°C depending on solvent. Cooling water flow rate: 50–200 mL/min for small lab condensers. Vacuum distillation pressure: down to ~50

mmHg (if equipped with vacuum adapter). Volume efficiency: Should handle 50–1000 mL mixtures safely.

Technical Specification

Haemocytometer with Micropipettes: Haemocytometer: Type: Improved Neubauer Counting Chamber, Material: Special optically clear glass, Chamber Depth: 0.1 mm (1/10 mm), Grid Pattern: 9 large squares (1 mm ×

mm each), Central square subdivided into 25 medium squares, Each medium square subdivided into 16 small squares, Suitable for RBC, WBC, platelet, and cell counting Dimensions: Grid Area: 3 mm × 3 mm, Coverslip

thickness: 0.4 mm (special matched coverslip) Accuracy: Precision ruling with triple-line boundary markings, Calibration tolerance as per DIN/ISO standards Compatibility: Suitable for use under compound microscope (10x,

Haemocytometer with 40x objectives) Packaging: Supplied in protective plastic storage case, Includes matched coverslips (minimum 2 pieces) icropipettes: Type: Adjustable Air-Displacement Micropipettes, Volume Ranges (Set of

Micropipettes recommended): 0.5 – 10 µL, 10 – 100 µL, 100 – 1000 µLAccuracy & Precision: Accuracy: ±0.8% to ±1.5% (depending on volume), CV (Coefficient of Variation): ≤1%Construction: Lightweight, ergonomic design, Digital

volume display, Autoclavable lower part (121°C), Corrosion-resistant internal piston Operation: Two-step plunger operation, Tip ejector mechanism, Compatible with universal disposable tips Calibration: Factory

calibrated, User recalibration capability, Supplied with calibration tool Accessories: Disposable micropipette tips (assorted sizes), Cleaning solution for haemocytometer, Instruction manual, Calibration certificate, Storage

box/rack for micropipettes Application: Hematology laboratories, Cell culture laboratories, Clinical diagnostics, Research institutions, Educational laboratories.

Comparator Box: Contains two permanent brown glass standards.Central slot to place the graduated Hb tube.Provides uniform color comparison.Graduated Hemoglobin Tube: Calibrated in: g/dL (2–20 g/dL), Percentage

53 Sahli's haemocytometer scale (often 20–140%), Marked with graduation lines for accurate reading.Hemoglobin Pipette: Capacity: 20 µL (0.02 mL) of blood. Has a rubber tube with mouthpiece for suction.Glass Stirrer: Used to mix blood and acid

thoroughly.Reagent: 0.1N Hydrochloric Acid (N/10 HCl). Measurement Range: Typically measures Hb from 2 g/dL to 20 g/dL.

Type: Water-seal (wet) spirometer, Volume displacement type, Used to measure vital capacity and other static lung volumes. Main Components: Outer water-filled tank (usually metal or transparent plastic), Inverted

floating bell (gas chamber), Breathing tube with mouthpiece, Counterweight and pulley system, Recording drum with pen (in recording models), Graduated scale for volume measurement. Capacity: Typically 6–9 liters,

Suitable for adult vital capacity measurement. Measurement Range: 0 to about 6 or 7 liters (depending on model), Accuracy usually ±50–100 mL.Parameters Measured: Vital Capacity (VC), Tidal Volume (TV), Inspiratory

54 Hutchinson's spirometer

Reserve Volume (IRV), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV).(Note: It does not directly measure residual volume.). Material: Bell: Lightweight metal (e.g., aluminum), Tank: Stainless steel or rigid plastic, Tubing: Rubber or

medical-grade silicone Calibration: Calibrated using a known volume syringe, Water level must be maintained properly for accuracy Advantages: Simple and reliable, Good accuracy for static lung volumes, Durable

laboratory equipment Limitations: Bulky and not portable, Requires water maintenance, Cannot measure dynamic lung volumes (e.g., FEV₁) accurately compared to modern digital spirometers.

Types: Mercury Sphygmomanometer, Aneroid Sphygmomanometer, Digital (Automatic) Sphygmomanometer. Technical Specifications: Mercury Sphygmomanometer: Measurement Range: 0 – 300 mmHg, Accuracy: ±3

mmHg, Graduation: 2 mmHg scale divisions, Inflation System: Manual rubber bulb with air release valve, Cuff Material: Nylon or cotton with inflatable latex bladder, Column Tube: Glass tube with mercury reservoir, Zero

Adjustment: Automatic mercury leveling at 0 mmHg, Operating Temperature: 10°C – 40°C.Aneroid Sphygmomanometer: Measurement Range: 0 – 300 mmHg, Accuracy: ±3 mmHg, Dial Diameter: 48–65 mm, Cuff Size: Adult

(22–32 cm arm circumference), Inflation System: Manual bulb and valve, Calibration: Adjustable calibration screw, Weight: Approx. 300–500 g.Digital Sphygmomanometer: Measurement Range: Pressure: 0 – 300 mmHg,

Pulse: 40 – 180 beats/min. Accuracy: Pressure: ±3 mmHg, Pulse: ±5%, Display: LCD digital display, Power Supply: 4 × AA batteries or AC adapter, Memory Storage: 30–120 readings, Automatic Inflation & Deflation, Cuff Size:

55 Spygmomanometer

Adult / Pediatric options. Standard Components: Inflatable cuff with bladder, Rubber inflation bulb, Air release valve, Pressure measuring unit (mercury column/dial/digital display), Connecting rubber tubing, Carrying case

(optional), Stethoscope (for manual types). Operating Principle: Blood pressure is measured using the auscultatory method, first described by Nikolai Korotkoff, by detecting Korotkoff sounds with a stethoscope while

gradually releasing cuff pressure., Digital models use the oscillometric method, detecting arterial wall oscillations electronically. Calibration Requirements: Calibration check every 6–12 months, Compare readings with a

reference standard manometer, Acceptable error: ±3 mmHg Safety & Maintenance: Inspect cuff and tubing for leaks, Store in dry, dust-free environment, For mercury types: handle carefully to prevent mercury spillage,

Clean cuff regularly with mild disinfectant.

Components: Chest Piece: Type: Dual-head (Diaphragm and Bell), Material: Stainless steel or anodized aluminium, Diaphragm: Tunable, epoxy/fiber glass reinforced, Bell diameter: 25–35 mm, Diaphragm diameter: 40–50

mm, Non-chill rim for patient comfort. Tubing: Material: Latex-free PVC, Length: 55–75 cm (standard: 60 cm), Wall thickness: ≥ 1.5 mm, Single-lumen or dual-lumen design, Resistant to skin oils and alcohol cleaning. Binaurals

(Ear Tubes): Material: Stainless steel, Angle: 15° forward tilt, Spring tension adjustable, internal spring for durability. Ear Tips: Soft-sealing silicone, Snap-on type, Multiple sizes (small and large), Latex-free. Acoustic

56 Stethoscope Performance: Frequency Response: Bell: 20–100 Hz (low frequency), Diaphragm: 100–1000 Hz (high frequency), High acoustic sensitivity, Ambient noise reduction design, Airtight seal between tubing and chest piece.

Physical characteristics: Total weight: 120–180 grams, Color: Black (standard) or assorted colors, Finish: Corrosion-resistant, Non-magnetic materials preferred for lab environments.Safety & Compliance: Latex-free

construction, Biocompatible materials, CE marked or FDA approved (where applicable), ISO 13485 compliant manufacturing, Easy to disinfect with alcohol-based solutions.Accessories: Spare ear tips (2 pairs), Replacement

diaphragm, Name tag or ID label, Instruction manual.

General Requirements: Type: Permanent histological slides, Preparation: Proper fixation, dehydration, clearing, embedding, sectioning, staining, and mounting, Mounting Medium: DPX or Canada balsam, Cover Slip: Clean,

bubble-free, properly sealed. Labeling: Tissue name, Type of stain used, Section type (T.S., L.S., C.S.), Slide number / batch number, Section Thickness: 4–6 µm (paraffin sections), Staining Quality: Clear differentiation of

cellular components, Microscopic Visibility: Structures distinctly visible under low and high power.Permanent Slides – Animal Tissues: Epithelial Tissues: Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple

columnar epithelium, Stratified squamous epithelium, Ciliated columnar epithelium, Stain: Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Connective Tissues: Areolar tissue, Adipose tissue, Hyaline cartilage, Bone (ground section), Blood

Permanent Slides for various

57 smear, Stain: H&E (except blood smear – Leishman/Wright stain)Muscular Tissues: Skeletal muscle (L.S.), Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Stain: H&E. Nervous Tissue: Neuron (motor neuron/spinal cord section), Stain:

H&E or special neuronal stainPermanent Slides – Plant Tissues: Meristematic Tissue: Root tip (onion) – Mitosis stages, Stain: Safranin / Acetocarmine Simple Permanent Tissues: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Complex Permanent Tissues: Xylem, Phloem, Dicot stem (T.S.), Monocot stem (T.S.), Dicot root (T.S.), Monocot root (T.S.), Stain: Safranin and Fast Green.Quality Control Standards: No folds or tears in section, Uniform

staining, No air bubbles under coverslip, Proper tissue orientation, Clearly visible nuclei and cytoplasm, Long-term preservation without fading.Storage requirements:Stored in slide boxes, Protected from moisture and

direct sunlight, Room temperature (20–25°C), Catalogued with index register

General Specifications (Applicable to All Organ Models): Material: High-quality PVC, medical-grade silicone, fiberglass, or durable polymer resin, Finish: Hand-painted with non-toxic, fade-resistant colors, Mounting: Stable

detachable base with labeling stand, Labeling: Clearly numbered parts with corresponding key card/manual, Size: Enlarged (2×–5× life size) unless otherwise specified, Durability: Crack-resistant, washable, and long-lasting,

Educational Level: Suitable for secondary school, undergraduate, or medical training (as required) Heart Model: Type: 3D human heart model (sectional), Material: PVC / Polymer resin Size: 2–3× life size, Features: Four

chambers, Major blood vessels (aorta, pulmonary artery, vena cava), Valves (tricuspid, mitral, aortic, pulmonary), Special Feature: Removable anterior wall to show internal structures, Mounting: Base stand with labeling

guide Brain Model: Type: Median sagittal section, Size: Life size or enlarged, Parts Displayed: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Feature: Separable hemispheres, Material: Soft PVC for

realistic texture. Lung Model: Type: Human respiratory system model, Components: Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs (lobes clearly marked), Optional Advanced Feature: Demonstration model showing diaphragm

58 Models for various organs 1 model

movement, Size: 2× life size, Mount: Base board. Liver Model: Type: Sectional liver model, Parts Included: Lobes (right, left), Gallbladder, Hepatic artery, Portal vein, Bile duct, Feature: Removable section to show internal

vasculature, Material: Resin with painted detailing. Kidney Model: Type: Longitudinal section model, Parts Displayed: Cortex, Medulla Renal pelvis, Ureter, Renal artery and vein, Size: 3× life size, Feature: Nephron structure

highlighted. Skeleton Model (Full Body): Height: 170–180 cm (life size), Material: PVC plastic Features: Movable joints, Detachable skull cap, Spinalnerves (optional), Mount: Rolling stand with support rod. Digestive

System Model: Components:Mouth cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Small & large intestine, Liver & pancreas, Feature: Wall-mountable chart-type or 3D model, Size: Life size Eye Model: Type: 6× enlarged sectional model, Parts

Included:Cornea,Iris, Lens, Retina, Optic nerve Feature: Detachable parts for demonstration Ear Model: Type: 3–5× enlarged Sections: Outer ear, Middle ear (ossicles), Inner ear (cochlea, semicircular canals), Material: PVC,

Mount: Base stand.

Name of the organ/system (e.g., Liver Function Tests, Renal System Lab Values) Anatomy Overview: Basic structure, Location, Labeled diagram (if required) Physiological Functions: Major functions of the organ/system

Common Laboratory Investigations: Test name, Normal range, Clinical significance Abnormal Values & Interpretation: Increased levels indicate…Decreased levels indicate. Common Disorders: Associated diseases,

Diagnostic relevance

Nursing/Clinical Implications: Monitoring, Patient education, Precautions Cardiovascular System Lab Chart: Important Tests: Troponin I/T CK-MB, BNP, Lipid Profile (Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides) Example

Format: Test Normal Range Increased In Decreased In Troponin I <0.04 ng/mL MI — BNP <100 pg/mL Heart Failure —Related Conditions: Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, Atherosclerosis. Respiratory System Lab

Chart: Important Tests: ABG (pH, PaO₂, PaCO₂, HCO₃⁻), Pulse Oximetry, Sputum Culture Test Normal Value Clinical Signi icance pH 7.35–7.45 Acidosis/Alkalosis PaO₂ 80–100 mmHg Hypoxia Related Disorders: Asthma, COPD,

Charts for various organs and

59 Pneumonia Nervous System Lab Chart: Important Tests: CSF Analysis, EEG, CT/MRI Test Normal Finding Abnormal Suggests CSF Protein 15–45 mg/dL Meningitis CSF Glucose 50–80 mg/dL InfectionHematological system 1 chart

Lab Chart: Important Tests: Hemoglobin, RBC Count, WBC Count, Platelets, ESR, PT/INR Test Normal Range Hemoglobin 12–16 g/dL (F) WBC 4,000–11,000 /µLRelated Disorders: Anemia, Leukemia, Clotting disorders

Renal System Lab Chart: mportant Tests: Serum Creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), GFR, Urinalysis Test Normal Range Creatinine 0.6–1.2 mg/dL BUN 7–20 mg/dLRelated Disorders: Acute Kidney Injury, Chronic

Kidney Disease Gastrointestinal System Lab Chart: Important Tests: Liver Function Tests (ALT, AST, ALP, Bilirubin), Amylase, Lipase Test Normal Range ALT 7–56 U/L AST 10–40 U/L.Related Disorders: Hepatitis,

Cirrhosis, Pancreatitis Endocrine System Lab Chart: Important Tests: Thyroid Profile (TSH, T3, T4), Blood Glucose, HbA1c, Cortisol Test Normal Range TSH 0.4–4.0 mIU/L Fasting Glucose 70–100 mg/dLRelated Disorders:

Diabetes Mellitus, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism Musculoskeletal System Lab Chart Important Tests: Serum Calcium Phosphorus, Vitamin D, Rheumatoid Factor, Creatine Kinase (CK)

Apparatus / Materials Required: Human skeleton model, Charts of the skeletal system, Long bone specimen (real or model), Hand lens, Pointer, Lab notebook, Gloves (if handling real specimens)

60 Skeleton and bones 1 set

Materials / Apparatus Required: Male condom model, Female condom model, Copper-T (IUD) model, Hormonal IUD model, Oral contraceptive pill pack (sample), Contraceptive implant model, Contraceptive injection

chart/model, Diaphragm model, Cervical cap model, Vaginal ring model, Educational charts/posters, Pelvic anatomical model. Description of Different Contraceptive Devices: Barrier Methods, Male Condom: Worn over the

penis. Prevents sperm from entering the vagina. Also protects against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Female Condom: Inserted into the vagina before intercourse. Prevents sperm entry. Diaphragm: Dome-shaped cup

placed over the cervix. Used with spermicide. Cervical Cap: Smaller than diaphragm. Covers cervix to block sperm. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs). Copper IUD (e.g., Copper T 380A): T-shaped device inserted into uterus. Copper

acts as spermicide. Effective for up to 10 years.Hormonal IUD (e.g., Mirena): Releases small amount of hormone. Thickens cervical mucus and prevents fertilization. Effective for 3–8 years (depending on type). Hormonal

Methods: Oral Contraceptive Pills: Contain estrogen and/or progesterone. Prevent ovulation. Taken daily. Contraceptive Injection (e.g., Depo-Provera): Given every 3 months. Prevents ovulation. Contraceptive Implant

Different Contraceptive Devices (e.g., Nexplanon): Small rod inserted under the skin.Releases hormone slowly. Effective up to 3 years. Vaginal Ring (e.g., NuvaRing): Flexible ring inserted into vagina. Releases hormones monthly. Natural Methods: Calendar

and Models method, Withdrawal method, Lactational amenorrhea method. Permanent Methods: Tubal Ligation. Fallopian tubes are cut or tied. Permanent method for females. Vasectomy Vas deferens cut or sealed. Permanent method

for males. rocedure: Observe each contraceptive model carefully. Identify its category (barrier, hormonal, IUD, etc.). Note its structure and design. Demonstrate correct placement on anatomical model (where applicable).

Record: Name, Type, Mechanism of action, Duration of effectiveness, Advantages, Disadvantages. Observation Table (Sample Format) S/N Name of Device Type Mechanism Duration Advantages isadvantages Result:

Different contraceptive devices were identified and classified based on their mechanism of action and duration. Each method has specific advantages, limitations, and suitability depending on individual needs. Precautions:

Handle models carefully. emonstrations should be done respectfully and professionally. Follow instructor guidance. Maintain hygiene during demonstrations. Use educational models only (not actual clinical devices).

Conclusion: The laboratory exercise provided practical knowledge about various contraceptive devices and models, enhancing understanding of reproductive health and family planning methods.

Measurement Capacity: Maximum Capacity: 200 g – 500 g (depending on model), Readability / Sensitivity: 0.001 g (1 mg),Repeatability (typical): ±0.001 g, Linearity: ±0.002 g.Weighing Features: Units: g, mg, kg, lb, oz, ct

(carat), etc. Tare Function: Full tare / subtraction function. Internal Calibration: Optional automatic internal calibration. External Calibration: Can be calibrated using certified standard weights.Pan Size: Weighing Pan

Diameter / Area: 90–120 mm round or 110 × 110 mm square. Pan Material: Stainless steel for chemical resistance.Display: Type: LCD / LED backlit display, Resolution: At least 4–5 digits, User Interface: Simple keypad for

62 Digital Balance (1 mg sensitivity) unit selection, tare, calibration. Environmental Requirements: Operating Temperature: 10–30 °C (may vary by model), Humidity: 20–80% RH, non-condensing.Vibration Sensitivity: Should be placed on a stable, vibration-

free surface. Power Supply: AC Adapter: 110–240 V, 50/60 Hz, Battery Option: Rechargeable or AA batteries (optional)Additional Features: Draft shield for accurate measurements of small masses. RS232 / USB interface for

data transfer (optional). Auto-off feature to save energy. Overload protection. Typical Applications: Pharmaceutical laboratories, Chemical research, Quality control laboratories, Educational laboratories.

Temperature Range: Operating temperature: 2°C to 8°C (standard lab fridge), Temperature uniformity: ±2°C throughout the cabinet, Digital temperature display with alarm system, Optional ultra-low temperature models: -

20°C to -80°C.Capacity & Dimensions: Storage capacity: 100–500 liters (depending on model), Internal shelves: adjustable, corrosion-resistant, External dimensions: based on lab space; typical sizes ~ 600–700 mm width,

600–700 mm depth, 1400–1800 mm height.Construction & Materials: Cabinet: powder-coated steel, corrosion-resistant, Interior: high-quality, easy-to-clean plastic or stainless steel, Door: double-layer insulated, self-

closing, lockable, Shelves: adjustable, coated wire or stainless steel, Door seal: magnetic gasket for airtight closure. Cooling System: Refrigerant: environmentally friendly, e.g., R600a or R134a, Compressor: energy-efficient,

low noise, Forced air circulation for uniform cooling (fan-assisted), Automatic defrost system (optional: manual defrost depending on model). Temperature Control & Display: Microprocessor-based digital controller, LED

63 Refrigerator or LCD display for real-time temperature, Alarm indicators for: High/low temperature, Power failure, Door left open, Remote monitoring options (optional: via Wi-Fi or LAN). Safety Features: Key-lock or electronic lock for

restricted access, Door alarm for accidental openings, Temperature deviation alarm, Compliance with CE, UL, or relevant local safety standards. Power Requirements: Voltage: 220–240 V AC, 50/60 Hz (adjustable for region),

Power consumption: depends on model, typically 150–400 W, Backup power options: optional UPS or battery for critical samples. Additional Features: Interior lighting: LED, energy-efficient, Shelving options: pull-out

drawers or wire shelves, Caster wheels for mobility (optional), Stackable or under-counter models for space-saving. Environmental and Regulatory Compliance: Energy-efficient design (compliant with ENERGY STAR or

local regulations),Refrigerant safety: non-toxic, low GWP, Compliance with lab standards like ISO 13485, GLP/GMP, or WHO vaccine storage standards

General Description: An analytical balance is a precision instrument designed to measure mass with high accuracy, typically up to 0.1 mg (0.0001 g).Measurement ParametersMaximum Capacity: 100 g – 500 g (depending

on the demonstration needs)Readability / Resolution: 0.1 mg (0.0001 g) – essential for showing precise measurementRepeatability: ±0.1 mg (the consistency of repeated asurements)Linearity: ±0.2 mg (accuracy over the full

range)Minimum Sample Requirement: 1 mg – demonstrates sensitivity for small samples. Features Draft Shield: Glass enclosure with sliding doors to prevent air disturbances. Calibration: Internal automatic calibration

(preferred for demonstration), External calibration option using certified calibration weights, Units: g, mg, oz, ct, lb (multi-unit support for teaching), Tare Function: Allows zeroing with containers, • Display: Digital LCD/LED

display with clear readings, Leveling: Built-in bubble level with adjustable leveling feet, Data Output: USB/RS232 interface for connection to computers for recording measurements (optional but useful in demonstrations),

Analytical Balances for

64 Environmental Requirements Operating Temperature: 15°C – 30°C, Humidity: 20% – 80% RH (non-condensing), Vibration and Draft: Should be placed on a stable, vibration-free surface, away from air currents,Safety and

Compliance CE certified or equivalent safety and quality standard Electrostatic discharge protection (if available), Non-slip feet to prevent accidental tipping during demonstrations. Accessories for Demonstration

Standard calibration weights (e.g., 50 mg, 100 mg, 1 g, 10 g), • Sample containers (weighing boats or beakers), Instruction manual with basic measurement procedures, Optional: dust cover for storage.Recommended Models

for Demonstration For teaching and demonstration purposes, balances with readability of 0.1 mg to 1 mg are ideal. Examples include: Mettler Toledo AE Series analytical balances, Sartorius Entris or Cubis analytical

balances, Ohaus Explorer or Analytical Plus series, These models combine reliability, ease of use, and clear digital display for classroom demonstrations.

General Description A digital analytical balance designed for accurate measurement of small masses with high precision. Ideal for chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, and quality control labs. Technical Specifications:

Maximum Capacity: 100 g – 300 g (varies by model), Readability (Sensitivity): 0.001 g (1 mg), Repeatability: ±0.002 g or better, Linearity (Deviation from True Value): ±0.002 g or better, Pan Size: 90 mm – 120 mm diameter

(circular), Stabilization Time: ≤ 3 seconds, Tare Range: Full capacity, Units of Measurement: g, mg, oz, ct, lb, oz t, etc. (depending on model), Calibration: Internal calibration (automatic), External calibration using standard

65 Digital balance 10 mg sensitivity weights (optional). Display and Interface: Display Type: LCD or LED, 6–7 digit resolution, Indicators: Stability, zero, overload, battery/AC, Interface Ports (Optional): RS232/USB for data output to PC or printer

Environmental Conditions:Operating Temperature: 10°C – 30°C, Humidity: 20% – 80% RH, non-condensing, Vibration: Should be used on a stable, vibration-free surfacePower Supply: AC Adapter (typically 110–240 V,

50/60 Hz), Optional rechargeable battery or internal battery for portability Construction and Safety: Draft shield (glass) for preventing air disturbance, Stainless steel weighing pan, Shock-resistant ousing, Overload

protection Optional Features: Counting mode (piece counting), Percent weighing mode, Density determination attachment, Built-in memory and data logging.

General Description

A precision electronic balance designed for laboratory use with high sensitivity (0.001 g). Suitable for analytical, research, and quality control applications where accurate weighing of small quantities is required.

Technical Specifications

Feature Specification

Weighing Capacity Typically 100 g – 500 g (common models: 200 g, 300 g, 500 g)

Readability / Sensitivity 0.001 g (1 mg)

Repeatability ±0.002 g (depending on model and environment)

Linearity ±0.003 g

Minimum Load ~2 g (some models allow weighing below this but with reduced accuracy)

Pan Size 120 mm – 150 mm diameter, stainless steel

66 Digital Balance (1 mg sensitivity) Calibration Internal or external calibration with standard weights

Display LCD/LED digital display, 3–5 digit resolution

Units g, mg, oz, ct, dwt (varies by model)

Tare Function Yes, allows subtracting container weight

Operating Temperature 10–30 °C recommended

Power Supply AC adapter / rechargeable battery (varies)

Draft Shield Glass enclosure recommended for accurate measurements at 1 mg sensitivity

Interface (optional) RS232 / USB for data transfer to PC/printer

Environmental Requirements: Stable, vibration-free surface. Away from drafts, direct sunlight, and air-conditioning vents.Relative humidity: 20–80% non-condensing.Optional Features: Auto-calibration, GLP/GMP

compliant output, Statistical weighing functions (sum, difference, percent), Connectivity for lab software integration Safety & Compliance: Complies with ISO 9001 / ISO 17025 for lab balances. Overload protection to prevent

General Description

A magnetic stirrer with thermostat is a laboratory device designed to mix liquids uniformly while allowing precise temperature control. It uses a rotating magnetic field to spin a stir bar immersed in the liquid, and an

integrated thermostat to heat and maintain the solution at a desired temperature. These units are commonly used in chemistry, biology, and pharmaceutical labs.Technical Specifications:

Parameter Typical Specification

Stirring Capacity 0.5 – 5 L (depending on model)

Stirring Speed Range 100 – 1500 RPM (variable, continuous)

Stirring Accuracy ±10 RPM

Heating Range Room temperature to 300 °C (depending on model)

Temperature Control Digital/analog thermostat with ±1 °C accuracy

Temperature Sensor PT100 or thermocouple type

Heating Plate Material Ceramic, Aluminum, or Stainless Steel

Magnetic Stirrers with Plate Size Ø 120–150 mm typical

Thermostat Overheat Protection Yes, automatic shut-off at set limit

Control Display Digital LED/LCD for temperature and speed

Power Supply 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz or 110 V, 60 Hz

Safety Features Over-temperature protection, non-slip feet, chemical-resistant casing

Dimensions (approx.) 250 × 200 × 100 mm

Weight (approx.) 2–5 kg

Optional Features Timer function, magnetic stir bar detection, remote monitoring, multiple stirring zones

Operational Requirements: Stable and level surface for operation, Use with compatible magnetic stir bars of appropriate size, Avoid excessive liquid volumes exceeding maximum capacity, Use chemical-resistant stir bars

when handling corrosive liquids. Compliance & Standards: CE certified (for European use), RoHS compliant, ISO 9001 manufacturing standard. Accessories: Magnetic stir bars (various sizes), Ceramic or aluminum heating

plate covers, Spare fuses and thermostats, Optional clamps or support stands

Type of Vacuum Pump : Rotary vane vacuum pump – Common for general lab applications, medium vacuum levels. Diaphragm (membrane) pump – Oil-free, suitable for corrosive or sensitive samples. Scroll pump – Oil-free,

high vacuum, low maintenance. Turbomolecular pump – High and ultra-high vacuum applications.Vacuum Performance: Ultimate vacuum: The lowest pressure the pump can achieve. Typical ranges: Diaphragm pump: 5–50

mbar, Rotary vane pump: 0.1–0.5 mbar, Scroll pump: 0.001–0.1 mbar, Turbo pump: 10⁻⁷ mbar or lower, Pump speed / capacity: Measured in liters per minute (L/min) or cubic meters per hour (m³/h). Example: 30 L/min for

small lab pumps. Motor and Power: Power rating: Usually 0.1–1.5 kW for lab-scale pumps., Voltage & frequency: e.g., 220–240 V, 50/60 Hz single-phase., Noise level: Ideally below 60–70 dB for lab comfort.Materials: Pump

body: Cast aluminum, stainless steel, or chemical-resistant plastics for corrosive applications. Seals & diaphragms: Viton, PTFE, or Buna-N depending on chemical compatibility. Operating Conditions: Ambient temperature:

Usually 10–40 °C. Humidity tolerance: Some pumps handle up to 80% RH non-condensing. Continuous operation: Many lab pumps can run 24/7, but check manufacturer specs.Accessories & Features: Exhaust filters: For oil-

free or chemical vapor containment. Vacuum gauge: Digital or analog, for monitoring system pressure. Overpressure protection: Safety valve or check valve. Cooling: Air-cooled or water-cooled options depending on pump

size. Applications: Filtration and degassing, Rotary evaporation, Freeze drying (lyophilization), Vacuum distillation, Gas analysis and sampling . Optional Features: Oil-free operation: Reduces contamination. Corrosion-

resistant coatings: For aggressive chemicals. Automatic start/stop or pressure control.

Reflux Condenser: A reflux condenser is used to condense vapors back to liquid so that reactions can be heated for extended periods without loss of solvent. Specifications: Type: Vertical or Graham/Liebig type (most

common: Liebig), Material: Borosilicate glass (e.g., Pyrex) for chemical resistance and heat tolerance, Length: 250–400 mm (depending on flask size and heating needs), Outer Diameter: Standard taper joints (e.g., 24/40) to fit

with flasks and adapters, Inner Tube: Straight or coiled (coiled for more efficient cooling in Allihn or Graham type), Cooling: Water in/out connections for circulation, Inlet at the bottom, outlet at the top (counter-current flow

for efficient condensation), Joint Type: Standard taper ground-glass joint (e.g., 24/40) to connect to flasks securely, Chemical Resistance: Resistant to acids, bases, and organic solvents, Optional Features: Vacuum-compatible,

Reflux condenser and single Jacketed for enhanced cooling. Typical Use: Refluxing a reaction mixture for hours without solvent loss. Single-Necked Round-Bottom Flask: A single-necked flask is used to contain reaction mixtures for heating, boiling, or

necked flask refluxing. Specifications: Material: silicate glass (resists thermal shock and chemicals), Neck: One neck (single-necked), standard taper (e.g., 24/40) for connecting condensers, stoppers, or thermometers, Volume: Common

sizes: 50 mL, 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL, Shape: Round-bottom for uniform heating; allows use with heating mantles or water/oil baths, Joint Type: Standard taper ground-glass joint for secure fit with condensers or

stoppers, Chemical Resistance: Suitable for acids, bases, and organic solvents, Optional Features:Graduated arkings for approximate volume, Heat-resistant coatings for extra durability Typical Use: Heating liquids,

conducting chemical reactions, or performing distillations/reflux setups.

Reflux Flask (Double/Triple Necked): Material: Borosilicate glass (e.g., Pyrex or Duran) for thermal and chemical resistance. Should withstand temperatures up to 250–300 °C.Neck(s): Double-necked: typically two 29/32

standard taper joints. Triple-necked: typically three 29/32 standard taper joints. Optional sizes: 24/29 or 19/26 depending on accessory needs. One neck usually central for condenser attachment; others for dropping

funnels, thermometers, or inert gas inlets. Capacity: Common lab sizes: 50 mL, 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL.Shape: Round-bottomed (preferred for uniform heating). Flat-bottomed flasks exist but less common for

reflux. Markings: Volume graduations (approximate). Manufacturer and heat tolerance. Condenser Type: Liebig, Allihn, or Dimroth condensers (depending on reflux efficiency required). Material: Borosilicate glass. Ground

glass joints compatible with the flask. Length & Diameter: Length: 150–400 mm depending on flask size. Outer diameter: matches standard lab setups (usually 24/29 joints).Connections: Inlet and outlet for water (usually

standard hose barb or Luer adapter). Condenser angle: typically vertical for reflux or angled for distillation. Cooling: Water-cooled preferred. Some setups may use air or oil cooling for special reactions. Accessories: Keck

clips: to secure the flask and condenser joints. Thermometer adapter: if temperature monitoring is needed. Dropping funnel: for reagent addition via extra neck. Rubber tubing: for water circulation. Optional Specifications:

Vacuum compatibility: Some reactions need reduced pressure; flasks should be rated for vacuum. Heating method: Oil bath, sand bath, or heating mantle recommended. Neck spacing: Sufficient to accommodate additional

equipment without collision.

Reflux flask and condenser Summary Table

70 Component Specification

double / triple necked

Flask Material Borosilicate glass (Pyrex/Duran)

Flask Shape Round-bottomed

Flask Volume 50–1000 mL

Neck(s) 2–3, 29/32 standard taper (others optional)

Condenser Type Liebig/Allihn/Dimroth

Condenser Material Borosilicate glass, ground joint

Cooling Water in/out tubing

Accessories Keck clips, thermometer adapter, dropping funnel, rubber tubing

Heating Method Oil bath, sand bath, or heating mantle

Material: Glass: Borosilicate glass (e.g., Pyrex or Kimax) is preferred for chemical resistance and thermal stability. Plastic: Some burettes are made of chemically resistant plastics (like PTFE or polypropylene) for corrosive

reagents. Volume & Graduation: Typical capacities: 25 mL, 50 mL (most common), occasionally 10 mL or 100 mL. Graduation marks: Usually in 0.1 mL increments for 25 mL and 50 mL burettes. Some high-precision burettes

have 0.05 mL divisions. Tolerance / Accuracy: ±0.05 mL for 25 mL burette, ±0.1 mL for 50 mL.Tip / Nozzle: Type: Glass or plastic tip; some have a constricted tip for precise dropwise delivery. Fitting: Should fit standard

conical flasks if required.Stopcock Material: Glass (ground glass) – traditional, chemical-resistant. PTFE (Teflon) – other operation, resistant to acids and bases.Function: Should allow smooth start/stop of liquid flow without

leaks. Scale & Markings: Etched or printed: Etched glass scales are more durable than printed scales. Zero mark: Typically at the top of the burette. Tolerance mark: Each line represents the minimum measurable volume

accurately. Accessories: Burette clamp: For secure vertical mounting on a retort stand. Funnel: For easy filling without spilling. Protective tubing: Optional, especially for plastic burettes or corrosive reagents.Compliance /

Standards: ASTM E287 – Standard specification for volumetric glassware. ISO 385 / ISO 710 – Standard for burettes and volumetric instrumentsOptional Features: Self-draining tip: Ensures no residual drops remain. Anti-

drip / PTFE stopcock: For high-precision titrations. Digital burettes / electronic titrators: For automated volume dispensing.

The Arsenic Limit Test Apparatus is designed to determine the arsenic content in pharmaceutical substances, chemicals, or water samples according to the “Limit Test for Arsenic” procedure. It enables detection of arsenic at

trace levels using visual comparison with standard solutions. Components & Specifications Reagents Hydrogen Sulfide Generator: Must generate H₂S gas safely for precipitating arsenic. Material: Borosilicate glass

resistant to acids. Test Solution Holder / Marsh Tube / Spot Test Plate: Borosilicate glass or chemically resistant plastic. Graduated for accurate measurement of test solution (usually 50 mL). Standard Arsenic Solution:

Arsenic trioxide dissolved and standardized (typically 0.1 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm solutions). Sulfuric Acid / Zinc / Other Chemicals: Analytical grade. Used for reduction reactions to release H₂S gas. Apparatus Glassware:

Conical flasks: 100–250 mL, borosilicate. Measuring pipettes: 1–25 mL, calibrated. Test tubes: 10–20 mL, clear, borosilicate. Spotting plates: White porcelain or glass for visual comparison. Burettes / Droppers: For accurate

72 Arsenic Limit Test Apparatus addition of reagents and standard solutions.Fume Hood (Optional but Recommended): For safe handling of H₂S gas. Supporting Accessories: Rubber stoppers with holes. Tubing for gas transfer (acid-resistant). Clamp

stands and holders. Operational Specification: Sensitivity: Capable of detecting arsenic down to 0.0001% (1 ppm) in test solutions. Volume: Typically handles 5–50 mL of test solution per test. Visual Detection: Produces

yellow precipitate (As₂S₃) that can be compared against standard solutions. Safety Features: Closed system for H₂S generation or proper venting in fume hood. Material & Construction: Glass: Borosilicate, chemical and

thermal resistant. Plastic Parts (if any): Polypropylene or PTFE, acid-resistant. Clamps & Supports: Stainless steel or chemically resistant metal. Standards Compliance: Should conform to: IP (Indian Pharmacopoeia) –

Arsenic Limit Test, USP – Arsenic Limit Test, BP – Arsenic Test Safety Considerations: H₂S gas is toxic; ensure fume hood ventilation. Use gloves and protective eyewear. Handle arsenic standard solutions with care; dispose

of waste according to hazardous chemical guidelines.

Purpose: Nessler’s cylinders are used primarily for colorimetric analysis, such as estimating ammonia concentration or other chemical reactions that produce colored solutions. They are commonly used with Nessler’s reagent

to detect ammonium ions.

Glass Type: Borosilicate glass (resistant to chemicals and thermal changes) Finish: Transparent for clear visibility of the solution color, Optional: Some cylinders have graduation marks etched on the glass for rough

measurement. Dimensions: Laboratory Nessler cylinders come in several standard sizes. Typical specifications include:

Capacity Height Diameter Graduation

73 Nesslers Cylinders

Features: Uniform cylindrical shape: Ensures consistent color comparison between samples. Flat base: Allows stable placement on a bench. Narrow diameter: Enhances visibility of slight color changes in colorimetric tests.

Clear glass: Essential for accurate visual assessment. Standards: Material and dimensions often comply with ISO 4787 or similar laboratory glassware standards. Should withstand standard lab reagents without leaching or

reacting. Optional Accessories: Lids or stoppers: Prevent evaporation or contamination. Colored comparator sets: Sometimes used with Nessler cylinders for more precise visual analysis.

Purpose: A laboratory desiccator is used to store moisture-sensitive chemicals, reagents, or samples in a low-humidity environment to prevent degradation or absorb moisture. It may also be used for drying substances

under vacuum. Construction Material:Body: Borosilicate glass (e.g., Pyrex) or acrylic for transparency and chemical resistance. Lid: Same material as body; should provide airtight sealing. Seal/Gasket: Neoprene or silicone

for airtight sealing. Base Plate: Ceramic, glass, or perforated plastic for placing desiccant and samples. Vacuum Option (if needed): Thick-walled borosilicate glass capable of withstanding vacuum, with a stopcock for vacuum

connection. Design & Features: Shape: Cylindrical or bell-shaped for standard lab use. Sizes: Typically range from 150 mm to 500 mm in diameter. Desiccant Chamber: Space at the bottom to hold drying agents such as silica

gel, calcium chloride, or molecular sieves. Perforated Plate: To separate samples from desiccant and allow efficient moisture absorption. Transparent Lid: For easy observation of samples without opening. Locking

74 Desiccator Mechanism (Optional): For vacuum desiccators, a secure lid clamp or screw-type lock may be included. Performance Specifications: Vacuum Resistance (if applicable): Capable of withstanding moderate vacuum (e.g.,

0.08–0.09 MPa) without cracking. Temperature Range: Can withstand normal lab temperatures (0–50 °C), higher temperatures if made from heat-resistant borosilicate glass. Moisture Control: Should maintain low relative

humidity inside (less than 10% RH if desiccant is active). Accessories: Silica gel or appropriate desiccant (color-indicating optional). Vacuum stopcock and tubing (for vacuum desiccators). Optional thermometer/hygrometer

for monitoring internal conditions. Safety Considerations: Avoid sudden temperature changes to prevent glass breakage. Do not use damaged or cracked desiccators under vacuum. Ensure proper handling of desiccants

(some are corrosive or hygroscopic). Standards: Compliant with general laboratory glassware standards (e.g., ASTM E438 for borosilicate glass). Vacuum desiccators should meet safety standards for pressure vessels if used

under reduced pressure.

Ostwald Viscometer Specification: Type: Capillary (U-tube) viscometer: Glass U-shaped tube with a capillary section for measuring liquid flow under gravity.Material: Borosilicate glass (resistant to thermal shock and most

chemicals).. Dimensions: U-tube length: Typically 200–300 mm,Capillary inner diameter: 0.5–1.0 mm (depends on intended viscosity range), Bulbvolume: ~10–15 mL. Markings: Two etched marks (upper and lower) for

timing the flow of liquid.. Temperature Control (Optional): Can be used with a water or oil bath to maintain constant temperature (usually ±0.1 °C accuracy). Accuracy: Flow time measurement up to ±0.2 s Viscosity

75 Ostwald's viscometer measurement reproducibility within ±1%. Operating Principle: Based on Poiseuille’s law: liquid flow rate through a capillary is proportional to applied pressure (here gravity) and inversely proportional to viscosity.

Accessories: Rubber bulb for suction, Thermostatic bath (optional for precise measurements), Stopwatch Applications: Determining dynamic viscosity of liquids. Studying temperature dependence of viscosity. Calibration

using standard reference liquids.

Purpose: A Stalagmometer is an instrument used to measure surface tension of liquids by counting the number of drops formed from a liquid of known volume or by measuring the drop volume directly. Construction:

Material: High-quality borosilicate glass (resistant to chemical attack and thermal shock). Components: Capillary Tube Stem: Narrow, uniform bore for drop formation. Bulb / Reservoir: Small bulb or widened portion to hold

the liquid temporarily. Graduated Markings: Optional, for approximate volume measurement. Tip / Nozzle: Smooth and rounded to allow uniform drop formation. Dimensions: Stem Length: ~10–15 cm, Outer Diameter of

Stem: ~2–3 mm, Bore Diameter (Tip): ~0.5–1 mm (uniform), ReservoirVolume: 2–5 mL. Exact dimensions may vary depending on drop size desired and liquid viscosity. Operational Requirements: Capable of forming

76 Stalagmometer uniform drops for accurate measurement. Compatible with a variety of liquids (water, alcohol, oils, etc.). Drop volume reproducibility: ±1–2%. Accessories: Stand or clamp for holding the stalagmometer vertically.

Thermometer (if measuring surface tension as a function of temperature). Stopwatch or counter (optional, if drops need to be timed). Calibration: Should be calibrated with distilled water at known temperature (usually

25°C) for drop volume standardization. Drop weight can be measured using a sensitive analytical balance (0.1 mg accuracy). Safety & Maintenance: Handle carefully; glass is fragile. Clean with appropriate solvents to prevent

contamination. Avoid scratching the tip, as it affects drop formation. Applications: Determination of surface tension of liquids. Study of effects of temperature, impurities, or surfactants on surface tension. Industrial

applications: coatings, detergents, and fluid mechanics research.

Material Specifications: Primary Material: Stainless Steel (SS 304 or SS 316) – corrosion-resistant, durable, and suitable for repeated sterilization. Alternatively, food-grade plastic (e.g., polypropylene, high-density

polyethylene) for lower-temperature applications or disposable use. Surface Finish: Smooth, mirror-polished interior to allow easy removal of suppositories. Non-reactive with medicated bases (e.g., cocoa butter,

polyethylene glycol). Sterilization Compatibility: Should withstand autoclaving (121°C, 15–20 min) or chemical sterilization without warping or corrosion.Design Specifications: Number of Cavities: Commonly 1, 2, 4, 6, or

12 cavities per mould plate. hape of Cavities: Standard shapes: Torpedo-shaped or bullet-shaped. Optional flat-base or rounded tip designs depending on pharmaceutical requirements. Capacity per Cavity: Typically 1–3 g per

cavity (adjustable based on intended dose). Orientation: Vertical or horizontal cavities depending on heating and pouring method. Sealing Mechanism: Two-piece moulds with tight-fitting lids for even shape formation and

77 Suppository moulds

reduced base leakage. Dimensional Specifications: Length of suppository: ~40–50 mm, Diameter at base: ~10–15 mm, Wall Thickness of Mould: 1–2 mm for stainless steel; 2–3 mm for plastic. Tolerance: ±0.5 mm for

accurate dosing. Usability Requirements: Ease of Filling and Demoulding: Should allow smooth pouring of molten base. Cavities designed to prevent sticking; may include a slight taper (2–3°) for easy removal. Heat

Distribution: Stainless steel moulds must conduct heat evenly for uniform setting of suppositories. Labeling/Identification: Optionally numbered cavities for batch identification. Cleaning & Maintenance: Smooth surfaces for

easy cleaning. Resistant to cleaning agents and repeated sterilization cycles. Dishwasher-safe if plastic; stainless steel should avoid harsh abrasives. Compliance: Materials and design should comply with Pharmacopoeial

standards: USP (United States Pharmacopeia) BP (British Pharmacopoeia), IP (Indian Pharmacopoeia)

Purpose: Permeability cups are used in laboratories to determine: Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of films and packaging materials. Gas permeability (O₂, CO₂) for packaging, membranes, or barrier materials.

Standards: Common standards for permeability testing include: ASTM E96 / E96M – Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials. ISO 15106 – Plastics — Determination of Water Vapor Transmission

Rate. ASTM F1249 – Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor. The permeability cup must conform to the dimensions and design criteria set by these standards. Material:

Body: Typically anodized aluminum or stainless steel to resist corrosion. Lid/cover: Same as body or high-grade plastic that is inert and non-reactive. Sealing gasket: Silicone or rubber to ensure airtight sealing. Design and

Dimensions Cup Types: Desiccant method (dry cup) – for low-humidity measurements. Water method (wet cup) – for high-humidity measurements. Volume: Usually 50–100 mL, depending on sample size and standard

used. Sample area: Exposed surface area for testing usually 50–100 cm² (depends on standard). Thread / sealing: Must ensure leak-proof assembly to prevent moisture escape except through sample. Accessories: Sealing

rings / gaskets: Desiccant (silica gel) for dry cup tests, Water or saturated salt solutions for controlled humidity, Sample clamps to hold test films securely. Performance Specifications: Leak-proof under test conditions,

78 Permeability Cups Compatible with controlled temperature/humidity chambers, Durable and corrosion-resistant for repeated use, Easy to clean and maintain

Typical Dimensions (for reference)

Parameter Dry Cup Wet Cup

Diameter 50–100 mm 50–100 mm

Height 25–50 mm 25–50 mm

Volume 50–100 mL 50–100 mL

Sample area 50–100 cm² 50–100 cm²

Typical Specifications: Type: Glass sedimentation pipette (Andreasen type), Material: Laboratory grade glass (often borosilicate) for chemical resistance and clarity. Capacity: Generally 25 mL (standard volume used in soil

pipette analysis). Graduation: Calibrated to deliver measured volumes at precise depths (often marked volume tubes). Stopcock / Tap: Often fitted with a three way stopcock or two way stopcock at top to withdraw

suspension samples at intervals. Usage Range: Used in particle size analysis (≤~75 µm) by withdrawing aliquots from specific depths during sedimentation. Stand/Holder: Typically used mounted on a pipette stand that

79 Andreason’s Pipette

allows controlled vertical movement without disturbing the suspension.Stand Features: Graduated scale for depth measurement (mm), pipette clamp, and adjustable carriage. Typical Accessories in a Set: In a full pipette

method set (not just the pipette itself), you’ll usually find:Sedimentation cylinder (500 mL) with rubber bung, Pipette stand with adjustable carriage, Evaporating dish, Hydrometer (for soil tests), Thermostatic water bath.

These aid in preparing the suspension, sedimentation process, and sample analysis.

Material Requirements: Primary Material: Stainless steel (preferably SS304 or SS316) or food-grade aluminum for corrosion resistance and durability. Coating/Finish: Polished or Teflon-coated surfaces for easy demoulding.

Non-reactive: Must not react with lipstick ingredients (waxes, oils, pigments). Thermal Conductivity: Should allow uniform cooling of lipstick for smooth surfaces. Design & Configuration: Shape: Cylindrical, bullet, or custom

shapes depending on lipstick design. Number of Cavities: Single or multiple cavities per mould plate (common lab-scale: 1–12 cavities). Cavity Surface: Smooth, without sharp edges, to prevent lipstick cracking during removal.

Modular Design: Optional stackable plates for batch production. Demoulding Mechanism: Push-up or manual ejection; consider spring-loaded for lab prototypes. Dimensional Specifications: Lipstick Diameter: 8–12 mm

(typical range for lab ipstick sticks). Lipstick Length: 25–45 mm. Cavity Tolerance: ±0.1 mm for consistent product size. Mould Thickness: 2–3 mm for structural stability. Plate Dimensions: Adapted to lab hot plates or

80 Lipstick Moulds

cooling racks; often 50–200 mm square for small batches. Functional Requirements: Temperature Resistance: Withstand heating for molten lipstick (approx. 70–90 °C) without deformation.Easy Cleaning: Smooth surfaces

suitable for cleaning with isopropyl alcohol or mild detergents: Durability: Minimum 500–1000 uses without deformation or corrosion. Compatibility: Fit lab hot plates or water baths for melting/warming processes.Optional

Features: Transparent or detachable covers to prevent dust during cooling. Custom logo engraving inside the mould for branded lipstick. Stackable design for multi-batch production efficiency. Non-stick coating to reduce the

need for additional release agents.

Undertaking: I/We am/are willing to supply and install the item/items at the prices quoted at the rates and amount mentioned above, as per the terms and conditions put to the tender.

Sign and Seal of the Bidder: